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JOURNAL 


CAPTAIN  PAUSGH 

•CHIEF  OF  THE  HANAU  ARTILLERY  DURING  THE 

BURGOYNE   CAMPAIGN. 

TRANSLATED   AND    ANNOTATED 

BY 

WILLIAM  L-.  STONE, 
i 

Introduction  by 
EDWARD  J.    LOWELL 

V 


ALBANY,    N.   T. 
JOEL  MUNSELL'S  SONS,  82  STATE  ST. 

M.DCCC.LXXXVI. 


TO 


General  ^oratto  IRogers, 

Whose  admirable  editorship  of  HADDEN'S 

JOURNAL,  justly  entitles  him  to  rank  as 

one  of  the  most  accomplished   of 

Burgoyne's  scholars,  this  volume 

is  affectionately  dedicated  by 

his   old  college-mate, 

the  Translator. 


225384 


PREFACE. 


JHERE  are  two  ways  of  translating. 
One  is  to  paraphase  the  original  :  the 
other  is  to  give  the  text  literally.  The 
first  method  admits  of  an  elegant  rendering,  by 
which  the  different  shades  of  an  author's  mean 
ing  are  often  sacrificed  to  beauty  of  diction. 
The  second,  at  the  expense  of  style,  aims  to  give 
clearly  ihe  writer's  ideas.  This  last  is  the  plan 
I  have  adopted  in  this  translation,  believing  that 
the  reader  would  prefer  to  know  just  what 
Pausch  intended  to  convey. 

The  translation  of  this  Journal  has  been  at 
tended  with  peculiar  difficulties,  from  the  fact 
that  much  of  it  is  in  language  now  obsolete. 
Especially  is  this  the  case  in  regard  to  technical 
terms  used  to  describe  military  manoeuvres. 
Fortunately,  however,  I  have  had  the  aid  of  several 
gentlemen  who  have  served  for  a  long  time  in 


PREFACE 


IV 


the  Prussian  army,  one  of  whom,  being  a  native 
of  Hesse-Hanau,  is  specially  familiar  with  the 
idioms  of  the  language  in  that  part  of  Germany. 
Thus,  my  thanks  are  particularly  due  to  Mr. 
Henry  A.  Fischer,  of  New  York  City,  Mr. 
Robert  Moeller  of  Jersey  City,  Mr.  Eugene 
Vogel  of  New  York  City,  formerly  an  officer 
in  the  gth  Regiment  of  the  Schleswig  Holstein 
Field-Artillery,  and  also  to  Dr.  James  A.  Butler 
of  Madison,  Wis.  — himself  an  accomplished 
German  scholar  —  for  valuable  aid  in  unravelling 
several  knotty  passages.  I  am  also  under  heavy 
obligation  to  Mr.  Edward  J.  Lowell,  for  giving 
my  readers  the  benefit  of  his  great  store  of  knowl 
edge  regarding  the  relations  existing,  at  the  time 
that  Pausch  wrote,  between  the  English  Govern  - 
ment  and  the  petty  German  Princes  ;  and  like 
wise  to  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Markham — an  experienced 
civil  engineer -- for  visiting  the  Battle-Ground, 
and  preparing  a  map  showing  the  movements  of 
Captain  Pausch  during  the  Action  of  the  yth  of 
October. 

A  word  more  concerning  the  Journal  itself. 

Pausch's   Journal,  the   original  MS.  of  which 
was  recently    found  by   Mr,    Edward  J.   Lowell, 


PREFACE  v 

in  the  State  Library  at  Cassel  (Standische  Lan- 
desbibliothek)  is  among  the  most  valuable  of  the 
Journals  of  the  German  Troops  during  the 
Revolution,  that  have  yet  been  discovered  —  in 
asmuch  as  it  gives  with  great  fulness  of  detail, 
the  difficulties  which  the  Hessians  experienced 
in  going  through  the  countries  on  the  lower 
Rhine  and  Holland  to  the  Seaboard.  This 
manuscript,  of  one  hundred  and  seventy  pages, 
details  the  fate  and  fortune  of  Pausch  and  his 
men  from  May  15,  1776  (the  day  they  left 
Hanau),  to  the  close  of  Burgoyne's  last  battle, 
Oct.  7th,  1777.  Hanau  is  on  the  Main.  The 
vessels  in  which  they  there  embarked,  conveyed 
them  to  a  transport  at  the  mouth  of  the  Waal, 
which  took  them  to  Spithead,  to  Quebec,  and 
so  to  the  river  Sorel.  The  whole  transit  occu 
pied  three  months  and  a  half.  To  guard  against 
desertion  in  passing  through  the  free  states  on 
the  Rhine,  the  vessels  either  anchored  in  the 
middle  of  the  river,  or  were  moored  to  islands. 
The  transport  had  been  engaged  in  the  Guinea 
slave  trade,  and  so  was  fit  for  the  German  slave 
trade.  She  started  with  one  recalcitrant  gunner 
in  irons.  The  Journal  also  dwells  freely  on  the 
personal  experiences  of  its  author^and  his  men, 


vi  PREFACE 

while  in  Canada  ;  and  one  thus  gets  glimpses 
into  the  private  life  of  these  execrated  Hessian 
soldiers  which  make  one  lament  their  hard  and 
unhonored  fate.  Both  officers  and  men  were 
cavalierly  treated  by  their  English  comrades. 
English  officers  could  command  Germans  ;  but 
German  officers  could  have  no  authority  over 
English  soldiers  ;  and  an  attempt  was  made  to 
deprive  Capt.  Pausch's  men  of  their  side  arms, 
when  off  duty. 

The    Journal,    moreover,    is  most    copious  in 
describing  the  three  battles  in  which  Pausch  and 
his    battery  took   an  active    part,    viz  :   the   naval 
action  against   Arnold  on    Lake  Champlain,  and 
the   battles  on   the    igth  of  September,   and  the 
7th  of  October.      In  regard  to    the  naval  action, 
we   are   told    by  Pausch,   that   Arnold's  heroism, 
and  that  of  his  men,  made  his    conquerors  afraid 
to  move  forward   from  Crown   Point,  or  even  to 
winter  there.      Pausch,  who  first   met  the   rebels 
at  Valcour,   testifies  to  their  firing  so  well  as  to 
sink  one  of  his  vessels,  and  firing  still  when  their 
own  were  sinking.      His  minute  account  of  this 
action,  which  tallies   with  Gen.  Rogers'  account 
in  Haddens  Journal,  must    correct  and  complete 


PREFACE 


VI 


those  already  in  circulation.  Regarding  also 
the  battles  of  Saratoga,  Pausch's  account  is  the 
first  we  have  had  of  the  part  played  by  the 
Hanau  Artillery  in  those  actions,  which  well 
supplements  that  played  at  the  same  time  by  the 
Brunswick  Infantry,  as  given  in  the  Military 
Journals  of  Gen.  Riedesel.  In  fact,  no  historian 
of  these  conflicts  and  no  one  interested  in  this 
portion  of  our  Revolutionary  history,  can  fail  to 
learn  something  he  would  be  glad  to  know, 
from  the  day  book  of  this  Hessian  officer. 

WILLIAM  L.  STONE. 
Jersey  City  Heights,  Dec.  isf,  1886. 


INTRODUCTION. 


HE  town  of  Hanau  lies  upon  the  Main 
about  a  dozen  miles  above  Frankfort,  in 
the  midst  of  a  vast  plain.  The  county 
of  Hanau  extended  in  the  last  century  some 
forty-five  or  fifty  miles  east  and  west,  but  was  in 
few  places  more  than  five  miles  wide.  There 
were  outlying  pieces  scattered  here  and  there 
among  the  neighboring  states,  as  was  usual 
with  German  counties.  Hither,  in  the  year 
1754,  had  come  the  Princess  Mary,  daughter  of 
King  George  II,  of  England,  and  wife  of  Fred 
erick,  the  Hereditary  Prince  of  Hesse  Cassel, 
who  had  lately  avowed  his  conversion  to  the 
Catholic  creed.  "  He  was  a  brutal  German," 
says  Horace  Walpole,  "  obstinate,  of  no  genius, 
and  after  long  treating  the  Princess  Mary,  who 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

was  the  mildest  and  gentlest  of  her  race,  with 
great  inhumanity,  had  for  some  time  lived  on 
no  terms  with  her  ;  his  father,  the  Landgrave 
William  protected  her  :  an  arbitrary,  artful  man, 
of  no  reputation  for  integrity."1 

The  Princess  had  been  married  fourteen  years 
at  the  time  of  her  separation  from  her  husband, 
and  she  brought  three  sons  with  her  to  Hanau. 
The  oldest,  William,  was  independent  Count  of 
that  territory.  His  cousin,  King  George  III, 
was  a  surety  for  his  independence,  until  the  time 
should  come  for  him  to  succeed  his  father  at 
Cassel.  William  was  a  heartless  pedant,  fond  of 
money  and  of  pleasure.  The  business  of  letting 
out  troops  for  hire  was  hereditary  in  his  family, 
having  been  entered  into  by  his  great-grandfather, 
nearly  a  hundred  years  before,  and  pursued  ever 
since  that  time.  When,  therefore,  in  the  sum 
mer  of  1775,  the  Hereditary  Prince  heard  that 
his  dear  cousin  was  in  difficulties  in  America,  he 
wrote  him  the  following  letter. 


1  Memoirs  of  George  II,  Vol.  I,  p.   351. 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

HEREDITARY  PRINCE  OF  HESSE  CASSEL 
TO  KING  GEORGE  III. 


Hanau,  ce  19.  aout  1775. 

Sire, 

L'Epoque  presente  que  les  troubles  suscites  par 
les  sujets  de  V.  Mtfi  dans  une  autre  partie  du 
monde  ont  fait  naitre,  rallumele  zele  et  Pattache- 
ment  de  tous  ceux  qui  penetres  de  vos  bontes, 
Sire,  ne  cessent  de  faire  les  voeux  les  plus  ardens 
pour  la  felicite  et  le  repos  du  meilleur  des  Rois. 

Anime  de  ces  sentiments  que  mon  respect 
soumis  et  mon  attachement  inviolable  pour  sa 
Personne  me  dictent,  je  supplie  V.  Mte  d'agreer 
favorablement  que  dans  cet  instant  ou  Elle  paroit 
desirer  des  trouppes  Allemandes  j'ose  lui  ofFrir 
dans  la  moindre  condition  et  a  ses  ordres  mon 
Regiment  d'Infanterie  compose  de  ciriq  cent 
hommes,  tous  enfants  du  pays  que  la  protection 
de  V'  Mt6  m'assure  uniquement  et  tous  prets  a 
sacrifier  avec  moi  leur  vie  et  leur  sang  pour  son 
service. 

Daignez  me  pardonner  la  liberte  que  je  prens 
et  regarder  Tintention  et  non  la  chose  meme. 

1  State  Paper  Office,  Holland.      Vol.   592,400106  in  Der  Soldatenhandel  deutscker 
Fursten  nach  Amerlka  •von  F.  Kaj>p^  1864. 


4.  INTRODUCTION. 

Que  ne  puisse,  je  offrir  20  m.  hommes  a  V.  Mt6 
ce  seroit  avec  le  meme  empressement.  Qu'il  lui 
plaise  done  de  disposer  entierement  de  mon  Regi 
ment  a  quel  terns  et  ou  Elle  ordonnera.  II  est 
tout  piet  au  premier  clin  d'oeuil  qu'Elle  daignera 
m'en  faire  donner." 

This  letter  was  despatched  under  cover  to  Sir 
Joseph  Yorke,  the  British  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  who  promptly  transmitted  it  to  London. 
On  the  ist  of  September,  the  Earl  of  Suffolk, 
Secretary  of  State  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  it 
to  Sir  Joseph.1  "  The  nobleness  of  sentiment 
and  affectionate  attachment,  which  dictated  His 
Serene  Highness's  offer,  and  the  handsome  man 
ner  in  which  it  is  expressed,  cannot  be  suffi 
ciently  admired.  His  Majesty  feels  the  extent 
of  it  all  and  will  return  an  answer  in  his  own 
hand."2 

In  the  following  November,  Colonel  William 
Faucitt  received  orders  to  negotiate  with  Ger 
man  princes,  for  troops  to  be  used  in  America. 
His  first  bargains  were  made  with  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  and  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel, 

*Kapp,  F.  Der  Soldatenhandel  deutscher  Fursten  nach  Amerika^  p.  227,  1864. 
2  State   Paper  Office,  German    States,  Vol.   102,    quoted  in    Der    Soldatenhandel 
dtutscher  Fursten  nach  Amtrika  von  F.  Kapp,  1864. 


INTRODUCTION.  § 

the  father  of  Prince  William.  On  the  4th  of 
February,  1776,  the  Colonel  arrived  at  Hanau, 
and  presented  the  following  letter. 

^ING  GEORGE  III,  TO  THE  HEREDITARY 
PRINCE  OF  HESSE  CASSEL. 

St.  James,  January  2,  1776. 
Mon  Cousin, 

En  consequence  de  ce  que  mon  principal 
Secretaire  d'Etat,  le  Comte  de  Suffolk,  a  eu 
1'honneur  de  vous  ecrire  en  mon  nom,  j'ai  charge 
le  Col.  Faucitt  de  se  rendre  a  votre  cour  de  vous 
presenter  cette  lettre  de  ma  part  et  de  reiterer 
les  assurances  de  ma  sensibilite,  pour  la  maniere 
noble  avec  laquelle  vous  avez  bien  voulu  m'offrir 
vos  troupes.  Je  les  accepte  avec  bien  des  re- 
mercimens  et  ayant  muni  le  Col.  Faucitt  des 
pleni-pouvois  necessaires  pour  conclure  une  con 
vention  avec  vous,  je  vous  prie  de  donner  creance 
entiere  a  ce  qu'il  vous  dira  en  mon  nom,  surtout 
quand  il  vous  donnera  des  assurances  de  Tamitie 
et  de  1'estime,  avec  lesquelles  je  suis,  etc.,  etc." 

The  bargain  was    quickly  concluded.      On  the 


Almon's  Parliamentary  register,  Vol.  3,  p.  300-302,  1776. 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

5th,  Faucitt  was  able  to  send  off  to  London,  the 
following  treaty. 

"  Be  it  known  to  all  whom  it  may  concern, 
that  his  Majesty  the  King  of  Great  Britain 
having  judged  proper  to  accept  a  body  of  in 
fantry  of  the  troops  of  his  most  serene  highness 
the  hereditary  Prince  of  Hesse  Cassell,  reigning 
Count  of  Hanau,  &c.,  to  be  employed  in  the 
service  of  Great  Britain,  the  high  contracting 
parties  have  giving  orders  for  this  purpose  to 
their  respective  ministers,  that  is  to  say,  his  Brit 
annic  Majesty  to  Colonel  William  Faucitt, 
captain  of  the  guards  ;  and  the  most  serene 
hereditary  Prince  of  Hesse  Cassell  to  his  minister 
and  privy  councillor  Frederic  de  Malsbourg ; 
who  after  the  exchange  of  their  respective  full 
powers  have  agreed  upon  the  following  articles. 

Art.  I.  The  said  Most  Serene  Prince  yields 
to  his  Britannic  Majesty  a  body  of  infantry  of 
six  hundred  sixty-eight  men,  which  shall  be  at 
the  entire  disposition  of  the  King  of  Great  Bri 
tain. 

Art.  II.  The  Most  Serene  Prince  engages  to 
equip  compleatly  this  corps,  and  that  it  shall  be 
ready  to  march  the  twentieth  of  the  month  of 


INTRODUCTION.  n 

March  next,  at  farthest.  The  said  corps  shall 
pass  in  review  before  his  Britannic  Majesty's 
commissary  at  Hanau,  if  that  can  be  done,  or  at 
some  other  place,  as  opportunity  shall  offer. 

Art.  III.  The  Most  Serene  Prince  engages  to 
furnish  the  recruits  annually  necessary  ;  these  re 
cruits  shall  be  delivered  to  his  Britannic  Majesty's 
commissary,  disciplined  and  compleatly  equipped  : 
his  Most  Serene  Highness  will  do  his  utmost 
that  the  whole  may  arrive  at  the  place  of  their 
embarkation  at  the  time  his  Majesty  shall  fix 
upon. 

Art.  IV.  The  service  of  his  Britannic  Ma 
jesty,  and  the  preservation  of  the  troops,  requir 
ing  equally  that  the  commanding  officers  and 
subalterns  should  be  perfectly  acquainted  with 
the  service,  his  Most  Serene  Highness  will  take 
proper  care  in  the  choice  of  them. 

Art.  V.  The  Most  Serene  Prince  engages  to 
put  this  corps  on  the  best  footing  possible,  and 
none  shall  be  admitted  into  it  but  persons  proper 
for  campaign  service,  and  acknowledged  as  such 
by  his  Britannic  Majesty's  commissary. 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

Art.  VI.  This  corps  shall  be  furnished  with 
tents  and  all  necessary  equipage. 

Art.  VII.  The  King  grants  to  this  corps 
the  ordinary  and  extraordinary  pay,  as  well  as 
all  the  advantages  in  forage,  provisions,  winter- 
quarters,  and  refreshments,  &c.,  &c.,  enjoyed  by 
the  royal  troops ;  and  the  Most  Serene  Prince 
engages  to  let  this  corps  enjoy  all  the  emolu 
ments  of  pay  that  his  Britannic  Majesty  allows 
them.  The  sick  and  wounded  of  the  said  corps 
shall  be  taken  care  of  in  the  King's  hospitals,  and 
shall  be  treated  in  this  respect  as  his  Britannic 
Majesty's  troops ;  and  the  wounded,  not  in  a 
condition  to  serve,  shall  be  transported  into 
Europe,  and  sent  back  into  their  own  country  at 
the  expence  of  the  King. 

Art.  VIII.  There  shall  be  paid  to  his  Most 
Serene  Highness,  under  the  title  of  levy  money, 
for  each  foot  soldier,  thirty  crowns  banco ;  the 
crown  reckoned  at  fifty-three  sols  of  Holland: 
one  half  of  this  levy-money  shall  be  paid  six 
weeks  after  the  signature  of  the  treaty,  and  the 
other  half,  three  months  and  a  half  after  the 
signature. 


INTRODUCTION.  g 

Art.  IX.  According  to  custom,  three  wounded 
men  shall  be  reckoned  as  one  killed  :  a  man 
killed,  shall  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  the  levy- 
money.  If  it  shall  happen  that  any  company  of 
this  corps  should  be  entirely  ruined  or  destroyed, 
the  King  will  pay  the  expence  of  the  necessary 
recruits  to  re-establish  this  corps. 

Art.  X.  The  Most  Serene  Prince  reserves  to 
himself  the  nomination  to  the  vacant  employ 
ments,  as  also  the  administration  of  justice. 
Moreover  his  Britannic  Majesty  will  cause  orders 
to  be  given  to  the  commander  of  the  army  in 
which  this  corps  shall  serve,  not  to  exact  of  this 
corps  any  extraordinary  services,  or  such  as  are 
beyond  their  proportion  with  the  rest  of  the 
army  ;  and  when  they  shall  serve  with  the  Eng 
lish  troops,  or  with  other  auxiliaries,  the  officers 
shall  command  (as  the  military  service  re 
quires  of  itself)  according  to  their  military  rank, 
and  the  seniority  of  their  commissions,  without 
making  any  distinction  of  what  corps  the  troops 
may  be  with  which  they  may  serve.  This  corps 
shall  take  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  his  Britannic 
Majesty,  without  prejudice  to  that  which  they 
have  taken  to  their  sovereign. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

Art.  XI.  Their  pay  shall  commence  fifteen 
days  before  the  march  of  this  body  of  troops,  and 
from  the  time  the  troops  shall  have  quitted  their 
quarters,,  in  order  to  repair  to  the  place  of  their 
destination,  all  the  expences  of  march  and  trans 
port,  as  well  as  of  the  future  return  of  the  troops 
into  their  own  country,  shall  be  at  the  charge  of 
his  Britannic  Majesty. 

Art.  XII.  His  Britannic  Majesty  will  grant 
to  the  Most  Serene  Prince,  during  all  the  time 
that  this  body  of  troops  shall  be  in  the  pay  of 
his  Majesty,  an  annual  subsidy  of  twenty-five 
thousand  and  fifty  crowns  banco.  His  Majesty 
shall  cause  notice  of  the  cessation  of  the  afore 
said  subsidy  to  be  given,  a  whole  year  before  it 
shall  cease  to  be  paid,  provided  that  this  notice 
shall  not  be  given  till  after  the  return  of  the 
troops  into  the  dominions  of  his  Most  Serene 
Highness. 

This  treaty  shall  be  ratified  by  the  high  con 
tracting  parties,  and  the  ratifications  thereof  shall 
be  exchanged  as  soon  as  possible.  In  witness 
whereof,  we  the  undersigned,  in  virtue  of  our 


INTR  OD  UCTION.  x  i 

full  powers   have  signed   the  present    treaty,   and 
have  thereunto  put  the  seals  of  our  arms. 

Done  at  Hanau,  the  5th  of  February,   1776. 
[L.  S.]  FREDERIC  BN.  DE  MALSBOURG." 

[L.  S.J  WILLIAM  FAUCITT. 

On  the  1 7th  of  March,  1776,  the  Prince  an 
nounced  to  King  George  the  departure  of  his 
regiment  in  the  f  jllowing  letter. 

I(THE  HEREDITARY  PRINCE  OF  HESSE-CASSEL 
TO  KING  GEORGE  III. 

Hanau,  ce  17.  Mars,  1776. 
C'est  avec  ce  respect  et  ce  zele  sans  bornes  que 
les  ordres  de  Votre  Majeste  m'inspirent  a  jamais, 
que  je  viens  de  faire  partir  avant-hier  le  15.  de 
ce  mois  mon  regiment  destine  a  servir  dans  son 
armee.  Le  Colonel  Faucitt  m'ayant  averti  que 
le  jour  de  depart  devoit  etre  accelere  autant  que 
possible,  je  n'ai  pas  perdu  un  instant  pour  cet 
effet.  La  liste  ci-jointe  que  j'ose  mettre  devant 
Votre  Majeste  presentera  1'etat  du  regiment, 
comme  j'en  ai  fait  la  revue  Vendredi  dernier, 


1  State   Paper  Office.      German  States,  Vol.    103,    quoted  in  Der  Soldatenhandel 
deutscher  Fursten  nach  Amerika  ,•    von  F.  Kapp,  1864. 


1  2  INTR.  OD  UCriON. 

ainsi   que  les    noms    des   officiers   avec   la  date  de 
leur  patentes. 

Puissiez-vous,  Sire,  avoir  lieu  d'etre  satisfait 
des  faibles  preuvses  que  j'ai  desire  de  vous  donnez 
de  mon  devouement  respectueux,  de  ma  reconnais 
sance  soumise.  J'ose  encore  reiterer  que  mon 
ardeur  inexprimable  d'etre  utile  a  son  service 
peut  seule  etre  nommee  et  non  la  chose  meme. 

Permettez,  Sire,  que  venant  d'apprendre  que  le 
Landgrave,  mon  pere,  fournit  a  votre  Majeste  un 
Corps  d'artillerie,  j'ose  lui  offrir  une  compagnie 
de  1 20  hornmes  de  cette  espece  appartenant 
jusqu'ici  a  mon  regiment.  J'en  ai  deja  fait  la 
proposition  au  Colonel  Faucitt,  mais  comme  il 
n'avait  pas  d'ordre  de  prendre  de  1'artillerie  en 
subsides,  il  n'a  pas  pu  y  entrer  alors. 

Des  que  j'apprendrai  les  intentions  de  Votre 
Majeste  a  cet  egard  cette  compagnie  pourra  in- 
cessement  marcher  a  ses  ordres. 

Cest  avec,  etc.,  etc. 

The  offer  of  the  company  of  artillery  above- 
mentioned  caused  a  long  discussion.  The  prince 
wanted  his  subsidy  increased,  in  proportion  to  the 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

number  of  new  men  furnished.  The  Earl  of 
Suffolk  pointed  out  that  His  Serene  Highness 
was  already  paid  as  highly  per  man  as  His  Serene 
father.  The  prince,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  had 
hitherto  conducted  the  correspondence  in  the 
diplomatic  French  of  the  period,  now  breaks 
into  English. 

1UTHE  HEREDITARY   PRINCE  OF  HESSE-CASSEL 
To  THE  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK. 

Hanau,  i  May  1776. 

My  Lord  ! 

The  luck  I  have  had  to  be  able  to  show  in 
some  manner  my  utmost  respect  and  gratitude 
to  the  best  of  Kings  by  offering  my  troops  to  His 
Majesty's  service  gives  me  a  very  agreeable  op 
portunity  of  thanking  you,  My  lord,  for  all  your 
kindness  and  friendship  to  me  upon  that  occasion 
and  begging  your  pardon  for  all  the  trouble  I 
may  have  provided  you  in  this  regard. 

My  only  wishes  are  that  all  the  officers  and 
soldiers  of  my  regiment,  now  to  His  Majesty's 

1  State    Paper  Office.      German    States,    Vol.    104,  quoted  in  Der    Soldatenhandel 
deutscher  Fursten  nach  Amerika  •  "von  F.  Kafp.  1864. 


!  ^  INTR  OD  UCTION. 

orders,  may  be  animated  of  the  same  respectful 
attachment  and  utmost  zeal  I  shall  ever  bear  for 
the  king,  my  generous  protector  and  magnani 
mous  support.  May  the  end  they  shall  fight  for 
answer  to  the  kings  upper  contentment,  and  your 
laudable  endeavors,  My  lord,  be  granted  by  the 
most  happiest  issue.  The  continuation  of  your 
friendship  to  me,  Sir,  which  I  desire  very  much 
assures  your  goodness  and  protection  to  my 
troops.  I  ask  in  their  names  this  favor  from  you 
and  hope  they  will  deserve  it. 

"Excuse  me,  Sir,  if  I  am  not  strong  enough  in 
the  English  language  for  to  explain  as  I  should 
the  utmost  consideration  and  sincere  esteem  with 
which  I  am  for  ever,  My  lord,  your  most  humble 
and  very  obedient  servant 

"WILLIAM  H.  P.  OF  HESSE." 

"  THE  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK 
TO  THE  HEREDITARY  PRINCE  OF  HESSE-CASSEL. 

St.  James,  May  14,  1776. 
Sir, 

I  am  too  deeply  penetrated  by  the  notice  Your 
Serene  Highness  is  pleased  to  take  of  me,  not  to 


INTR  OD  UCTION.  !  15 

beg  your  acceptance  of  my  humble  acknowledg 
ments  for  your  great  condescension.  The  ex 
perience  I  have  had  of  your  Serene  Highness 
sincere  and  affectionate  attachment  to  the  King 
has  impressed  indelible  marks  of  gratitude  and 
veneration  on  my  breast.  But  proud  as  I  shall 
be  to  show  them  upon  all  occasions,  I  am  happy 
to  assure  your  Serene  Highness  from  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  his  Majesty's  sentiments,  that  there 
is  in  this  country  a  more  powerful  supporter  of 
Your  Serene  Highnesses  interests  and  a  better 
advocate  for  any  object  you  can  recommend  than 
any  minister,  be  he  ever  so  zealous,  whom  Your 
Serene  Highness  may  honor  with  your  com 
mands. 

Your  troops,  Sir,  than  which  none  can  be 
finer  or  in  a  more  complete  condition,  will  cer 
tainly  meet  with  every  degree  of  protection  and 
encouragement,  and  I  make  no  doubt  under  the 
Blessing  of  God,  share  the  high  reputation  of 
having  preserved  the  lustre  of  that  crown  from 
which  you  are  descended,  the  glory  of  that 
Monarch  to  whom  in  blood  and  principles  you 
are  so  nearly  allied,  and  the  welfare  of  that 
nation  of  whose  language  your  Highness  has  in 


INTR  OD  UC  TION. 


so    flattering  and    so  accurate  a  manner    shown 
your  hereditary  knowledge. 

Permit  me,  Sir,  to  repeat   the  profound  respect 
with  which  I  have  the  honor,  etc.,  etc." 


HEREDITARY  PRINCE   OF  HESSE-HANAU 
TO  THE  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK. 

Hanau,  21.  July  1766. 

Sir; 

I  can  make  no  better  use  of  your  friendship 
and  goodness  to  me  than  in  recommending  you, 
My  lord,  the  propositions  which  my  private 
Counsellor  Malsburg  directs  in  my  name  to  you. 
My  attachment  and  most  humble  respect  to 
the  best  of  kings  removes  all  idea  of  interest  in 
me.  His  Majesty's  particular  goodness  assures 
me  that  he  would  [not]  take  ill,  the  desire  I  have 
to  stay  in  a  certain  military  relation  with  his  ser 
vice  even  after  the  present  treaty's  expiration. 

I  hope,  My  lord,  you  will  find  I  do  not  ask 
too  much,  and  in  this  regard  I  beg  you  to  sup 
port  this  affair  with  your  utmost  credit.  My 
gratitude  will  be  without  end,  and  shall  only  be 
compared  to  the  greatest  consideration  —  ,  I  have 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

the   honor   to   be   with  for  ever,  My   lord,  your 
most  humble  and  very  obliged  servant 

WILLIAM  H.  P.  OF  HESSE." 

The  proposal,  above  referred  to,  which  Coun 
sellor  Malsburg  was  to  send,  was  nothing  less 
than  that  the  troops  of  Hesse-Hanau  should  re 
main  in  the  English  service  for  six  years  after 
the  war.  The  request,  of  course,  was  extrava 
gant.  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  appears  to  have 
grown  tired  of  bickering.  In  the  latter  part  of 
1776  he  yielded  to  the  solicitations  of  the  Prince 
and  the  subsidy  was  increased  by  forty-five 
thousand  crowns,  Meanwhile  the  artillery  had 
not  been  held  back  while  the  negotiations  were 
pending.  It  left  Hanau  on  the  I5th  of  May, 
and  its  further  adventures  may  best  be  traced  in 
the  journal  of  its  commanding  officer  which  is 
given  in  the  following  pages. 

Little  is  known  of  Georg  Pausch  after  Bur- 
goyne's  surrender.  His  signature  appears  on  the 
Cambridge  parole  now  in  the  Boston  Public 
Library.  In  1786  the  County  of  Hesse-Hanau 
was  united  to  the  Landgrayiate  of  Hesse  Cassel 
through  the  death  of  Landgrave  Frederick  II, 
3 


1 8  INTRODUCTION. 

and  the  succession  of  his  son  William  III.  From 
that  date  we  find  the  name  of  Georg  Pausch  en 
tered  in  the  official  calendar  of  Cassel  as  major, 
in  the  regiment  of  light  artillery.  That  regi 
ment  was  quartered  in  the  town  of  Cassel  and  in 
the  fortresses  of  Ziegenhain,  Hanau  and  Rheinfels. 
In  which  of  these  places  Pausch  had  his  quarters 
cannot  be  determined.  His  name  disappears 
from  the  calendar  in  1796,  so  that  it  is  probable 
that  he  died  early  in  that  year  or  late  in  the 
year  preceding.  It  is  possible  that  a  search  in 
the  archives  of  Marburg  would  bring  to  light 
more  particulars  about  him.  There  are  few 
events  or  persons  connected  with  the  Revolu 
tionary  war  about  which  we  might  not  hope 
for  light  from  the  same  source. 

The  manuscript  in  the  Standische  Landes- 
bibliothek  at  Cassel  was  copied  in  1868  from 
the  original,  which  was  then  at  Wilhelmshohe, 
and  is  undoubtedly  now  at  Marburg. 

EDWARD  J.  LOWELL. 


1776  May  1 5th,  In  conformity  to  the  order 
of  our  Gracious  Prince1  the  roll-call  was  beaten 
at  half-past  three  P.  M.,  and  the  company2 
marched  out  of  the  Mill -fortification  to  the 
Parade-ground,  where  all  the  necessary  accoutre 
ments  for  my  men  were  found  in  readiness.  A 
quarter  of  an  hour  afterwards,  the  signal  was 
given  by  the  tap  of  the  drum  for  a  forward 
movement ;  and,  the  lines  being  formed,  we  at 
once  marched  through  the  hospital  Gate  of  the 
old  town5  to  the  wood-warehouses.  Here  the 
company  immediately  embarked  on  the  ships, 
which  had  been  designated  for  our  transporta 
tion,  in  the  presence  of  our  most  gracious  sove 
reigns. 

Our  beloved  Prince  gave  us  a  mark  of  his 
gracious  and  fatherly  kindness  by  accompanying 
us  for  quite  a  long  distance  down  the  right 

1  Count  William  of  Hesse-Hanau.  Hanau  Regiment.     According  to  Eeelk- 

2  It  will  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  is  the     ing,    Pausch's    Company    consisted   of   4 
Journal    of  the  Company  of  the    Hesse-     officers  and  12,6  privates. 

Hanau  artillery    attached    to   the  Hesse-          3  Hanau. 


20  PAUSCHS  JOURNAL. 

bank  of  the  river  Main ;  an  act  which  called 
forth  the  most  loyal  sentiments  from  the 
entire  force  which  had  been  so  graciously 
entrusted  to  my  charge.  At  this  point  our 
journey  began  with  many  expressions  of  good 
will  and  wishes  for  our  success  on  the  part  of 
those  we  were  leaving  :  and  here  we  saw  for  the 
last  time  in  a  long  while  our  beloved  Prince  and 
Benefactor.1  Here  he  bade  us  farewell  ;  and  we 
proceeded  to  Offenbach,  where  we  anchored  in 
the  middle  of  the  Main  for  the  night. 

1 6th.  We  left  our  moorings  at  3  A.  M.,  and 
passed  Frankfort  about  4:30.  The  sentinels  and 
the  different  detachments  of  this  garrison  should 
ered  arms  as  we  passed;  but  we  were  visited  by  no 
one,  neither  did  we  have  to  pass  through  any  ex 
amination.  At  1 1 130  we  reached  Mainz;  and 
although  I  had  sent  ahead  Lieut  Spangenberg 
with  the  free-passes,  we  were  obliged  to  land. 
Both  ships  were  examined  by  two  custom-house 
Inspectors.  I  immediately  asked  the  reason  of 
this  ;  and  in  reply  was  told  that  it  was  done  for 
the  purpose,  merely,  of  ascertaining  whether  the 
captain  had  not  on  board  dutiable  freight  on  his 
own  account.  As  the  Rhine  was  quite  high,  we 
sailed  so  rapidly  that  we  reached  Bingen  about 
6  o'clock  the  same  evening.  I  then  sailed 

1  How  this  "beloved  Prince  and  Bene-  whom,  to  get  the  means  to  gratify  his 
factor  "  must  have  "  laughed  in  his  passions,  he  was  selling  into  slavery,  and 
sleeve  "  at  these  expressions  from  those  bartering  like  so  many  cattle! 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  2  I 

toward  Caub,  and  chose  the  island,  where  the 
so-called  palace  is  situated,  near  which  to  drop 
anchor  and  rest  for  the  night.  I  did  this,  because 
this  spot  was  the  best  I  could  find  for  my  men  to 
take  a  little  comfort  by  leaving  the  ships  and 
sleeping  on  shore.  I  arrived  here  at  8  o'clock. 
The  inhabitants  of  Caub  were  asked  to  bring 
some  wine  and  other  necessaries  to  my  men  and 
sell  them  for  cash.  This  they  promptly  did. 

1 7th.  It  chanced  to  be  the  weekly  Market- 
Day  at  Caub  ;  and  I  therefore  delayed  my  de 
parture  until  7:30  o'clock  in  order  to  give  my 
men  an  opportunity  to  lay  in  some  provisions. 
For  this  purpose,  (with  the  exception  of  the 
women)  I  sent  ashore  eighteen  men,  under  the 
command  of  two  officers  and  six  subalterns;  and 
in  order  that  the  purchases  might  be  made  with 
out  any  disturbance,  I  myself,  took  a  small  boat 
half  an  hour  in  advance,  and  went  to  St.  Goar. 
As  I  did  not  wish  to  be  long  absent  from  my 
men,  and  as  I  also  desired  to  take  advantage  of 
the  rise  of  the  river1  so  as  to  make  a  quick  pas 
sage,  I  was  not  able  to  call  upon  his  Excellency, 
General  von  Wutgenau  at  the  fortress  of  Rhein- 
fels  to  announce  that  my  company  were  passing 
down  the  Rhine.  I  however,  made  a  statement 
to  this  effect  to  Maj.  Gen.  v.  Marschalk  (the 
commandant  at  St.  Goar2)  and  requested  him  to 

1  Caused  probably  by  the  spring  freshets,     west  side  of  the  Rhine,  16  miles  south  of 
a  A  town  in  the  Prussian  States  on  the     Coblentz. 


22  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

make  my  excuses  to  his  Excellency,  and  to  give 
him  as  a  reason  for  my  not  waiting  on  him  the 
responsibility  devolving  upon  me  on  account  of 
the  near  approach  of  my  ships.  The  latter 
reached  Rhinefels  at  9  o'clock  ;  and  before  they 
had  come  to  the  frontier  of  Cur-Trierische, 
(which  lies  nearly  opposite  St.  Goar)  I  returned 
on  board. 

Since  yesterday  we  have  had  a  head  wind ; 
notwithstanding  which,  however,  we  passed 
Coblentz  at  one,  Neuwied  at  four,  Andernach  at 
five,  and  Oberwinter  at  a  quarter  of  nine  where 
we  anchored  for  the  night. 

P.  N.  Every  morning  I  always  order  the  re 
veille  to  be  beaten  at  daybreak,  and  the  tatoo  in 
the  evening. 

The  custom-house  officers  from  Hanau,  have 
exercised  the  greatest  politeness  towards  those 
officers  and  subalterns  who  were  sent  in  advance. 

So  far,  pleasure,  contentment,  and  excellent 
health  prevail  among  my  men.  They  never 
fail,  after  reveille  and  tatoo,  to  make  their  offer 
ings  due  their  God  by  singing  morning  and  even 
ing  hymns  for  one  hour.  Afterwards,  they  give 
themselves  up  to  enjoyment,  but  in  such  a  man 
ner  as  never  to  give  me  cause  for  complaint  or 
punishment.  I  cannot  sufficiently  praise  the 
good  feeling  shown  by  my  three  officers  while 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  2? 

o 

on  duty  ;  nor  can  I  adequately  express  my  satis 
faction  especially  at  the  trouble  they  take  to 
maintain  good  order  and  acquire  the  confidence 
of  my  men.  I  must  confess  that  all  my  men 
have  already  acquired  more  confidence  than  I 
had  anticipated  at  Hanau.  I  have  therefore 
pardoned  the  cannonier,  Bischle,  who  had  been 
placed  under  arrest,  and  released  him  from  his 
chains. 

Continuation. 

May  1 8th.  During  the  night  of  the  ijth  and 
1 8th,  we  rested  quietly  near  Ober  Winter;  and 
in  the  morning  precisely  at  4  o'clock,  we  left 
our  moorings,  passing  Bonn  at  6  o'clock,  and 
reaching  the  Imperial  city  of  Coin  at  10  o'clock. 
I  anchored  about  a  thousand  yards1  above  the 
town.  From  here  I  despatched  two  officers 
(Spangenberg  and  Bach),  the  sergeant  and  nine 
subalterns,  and  a  few  men  from  each  detachment 
to  Coin  (with  six  loaded  and  as  many  un 
loaded  guns)  for  the  purpose  of  having  their 
money,  which  they  had  brought  from  Erfurt,  ex 
changed  for  local  currency.  They  were  also 
directed  to  buy  provisions.  As  this  is  a  large 
place,  I  was  obliged  to  anchor  and  wait  a  long 
while  for  their  return.  We  were  all  re-united 
about  2  o'clock  P.  M.  when  we  at  once  pro 
ceeded  still  farther  on  our  way  as  far  as  Zons2 

1  Or  literally  a  thousand  paces.  toric  castle  5    1 3    miles  N.    N.    West  of 

8  A  town  on  the  Rhine  having  an  his-     Cologne,  and  50  N.  E.  of  Liege. 


24.  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

Had  it  not  been  that  both  yesterday  afternoon 
and  to-day  the  wind  was  ahead,  we  should  now 
be  still  farther  on  our  journey.  It  was  half  past 
eight  by  the  time  we  reached  Zons,  and  we  ac 
cordingly  remained  here  overnight.  As  the 
water  of  the  Rhine  was  very  rough  on  account 
of  a  heavy  gale  during  the  day,  we  were  forced 
to  anchor  till  the  next  morning. 

1 9th.  We  were  compelled  to  wait  till  7 
o'clock  A.  M.,  before  sailing,  by  which  time  the 
Rhine  had  become  calmer.  At  one  o'clock,  we 
passed  Dusseldorf ;  and  at  five  o'clock  reached 
Buckroth.  This  is  the  first  station  of  the  Prus 
sian  Custom-House,  and  I  had  accordingly  sent 
on  here  in  advance  Lieut.  Spangenberg  with  the 
Royal  free-pass.  As  soon  as  we  came  opposite 
the  town,  the  Custom-House  officers,  accom 
panied  by  my  Lieutenant,  rowed  out  towards  us. 
They  did  not  subject  us  to  any  examination,  but 
contented  themselves  with  rowing  around  my 
ship  and  wishing  us  a  pleasant  journey.  They, 
however,  made  an  indorsement  on  the  back  of  the 
Royal  pass  to  the  effect  that  we  passed  the  station 
at  such  an  hour.  I  nevertheless  thought  it  best 
when  we  arrived  at  the  next  Custom  Station,  to 
send  a  note  ashore  to  the  officials  stating  that  we 
had  passed  the  upper  station  free  by  virtue  of  the 
Royal  free-pass.  In  the  evening  we  anchored 
an  hour's  sail  above  N.  Wesel,  and  remained 
there  during  the  night. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  2$ 

2oth.  At  6  in  the  morning  I  took  a  boat  and 
went  ahead  to  the  town,  where  I  showed  the 
pass  to  his  Excellency  Lt.  Gen.  and  Commander 
Von  Solomons.  I  also  exhibited  particularly  to 
him  the  Prince's  order  relating  to  the  refunding 
of  42  ducats  at  Emmerich.  In  reply,  his  Excel 
lency  said  that  this  had  most  likely  been  already 
attended  to  ;  but  that  if  it  had  not,xit  would  now 
be  fixed.  At  the  same  time  he  assured  me  that 
if  he  could  aid  us  in  any  way  whatever,  he  would 
do  so  with  pleasure.  This  he  did  to  show  his 
great  regard  and  friendship  for  us.  My  ships 
arrived  about  two  hours  afterwards  ;  and  I  imme 
diately  got  under  way  for  Emmerich.  There  I 
showed  my  free-passes,  at  the  same  time  calling 
the  attention  of  the  custom  officers  to  the  refund 
ing  of  the  money  which  had  been  taken  from  the 
Hanau  Regiment.  They  assured  me  that  this 
had  already  been  done  in  accordance  with  the 
gracious  order  of  the  Prussian  Major.  I  then 
asked  them  to  give  me  a  paper  certifying  both 
that  this  had  been  done  and  where,  that  I  might 
send  the  same  to  the  Prince.1  My  request  was 
at  once  complied  with  ;  and  this  document  I 
have  filed  under  Letter  A.  I  intended  to  have 
made  good  headway  this  evening,  but  a  gale, 
beginning  to  blow,  drove  us  close  into  shore 
about  two  hour's  sail  above  Schenken-Schanz, 

Prince  William  of  Hanau. 
4 


26  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

where,   finding  a   quiet  spot,  we  rested  for  the 
night. 

2 1  st.  As  soon  as  the  reveille  was  beaten  I 
ordered  an  advance,  and  shortly  reached  Schen- 
ken-Schanz,  to  which  place  I  had  already  sent 
on  ahead,  Lieut.  Spangenburg  and  the  boatman, 
Becktell  with  the  Government  pass.  This  was 
the  first  Dutch  Revenue  station,  and  our  ships 
were  forbidden  to  go  farther.  The  officials  told 
us  that  they  had  received  no  instructions  to  pass 
us.  They  further  said,  that  as  we  could  not 
produce  a  Dutch  free  pass  signed  by  our  Prince 
every  thing  would  have  to  be  appraised  and  the 
duty  paid.  But  as  I*  did  not  feel  like  complying, 
and,  moreover,  was  unable  [from  lack  of  money] 
to  do  it,  even  had  I  been  so  disposed,  I  returned 
at  full  speed  to  Arnheim  where  the  Revenue 
officers  of  the  Admiral  were  supposed  to  be  sta 
tioned.  I  sought  therein  vain  for  such  informa 
tion  as  would  enable  our  expedition  to  proceed  ; 
and  even  asked  the  assistance  of  his  Excellency 
Von  Nieuenheim,  commander  of  the  Baden  In 
fantry  stationed  there.  This  latter  personage 
took  an  interest  in  the  matter,  and  reported  it 
to  the  City  President.  But  even  this  step  was 
of  no  avail.  Whoever  I  questioned  gave  me  the 
same  answer,  viz :  that  his  Highness  must  first 
give  his  permission.  It  was  1 1  o'clock  when  I 
arrived  at  Arnheim  from  Schenken  Schanz ;  and 
until  two  o'clock  I  lingered  among  these  ill-bred 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL, 

people,  when,  finally,  even  the  officers  of  their 
own  garrison  became  angry  with  them.  Thus 
circumstanced  I  made  up  my  mind  quickly,  and 
took  an  express-post  to  the  Hague.  I  left  Arn- 
heim  at  2  P.  M.,  travelled  the  entire  night,  and 
arrived  at  the  house  of  his  Excellency's  Ambas 
sador,  Sir  Yorke  Logic,  in  Hague  at  6  A.  M., 
having  come  by  way  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden. 

22d.  I  immediately  awoke  his  Secretary  who 
announced  my  arrival  to  his  chief.  To  him  I 
reported  the  trouble  I  had  met  with,  which  had 
made  the  progress  of  our  march  difficult.  The 
Knight  lost  no  time  in  going  to  the  Court  at  8 
A.  M.  and  laying  the  matter  before  his  High 
ness,  the  Governor  of  the  States.  Thereupon, 
my  free  passes  were  promised  me  by  10  the 
same  morning.  Time  passed.  It  was  10,  11, 
1 2,  then  i  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  !  I  then 
received  an  invitation  to  dine  with  his  Excellency 
the  Knight,  Sir  Yorke  Logic ;  and  at  the  close 
of  the  dinner,  or  about  6  P.  M.,  I  received  my 
papers,  and  also  a  large  package  addressed  to 
Col.  Rainsford  at  Nimwegen,  who  had  left  the 
Hague  for  this  place  a  day  in  advance  in  order 
to  inspect  my  company. 

23d.  I  took  the  same  route  back,  viz :  by 
way  of  Leyden  and  Utrecht;  then  bore  to  the 
left  to  Nimwegen,  where  I  arrived  on  the  23d 
at  half  past  eleven  in  the  morning.  Here  I  re- 


28  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

ceived  a  document  giving  us  a  free  passage  not 
from  Schenken  Schanz  down  the  Rhine  to 
Arnheim,  but  on  the  Wahl  to  Nimwegen  ! 
Moreover,  as  soon  as  I  should  arrive  there  I 
would  have  to  pass  another  inspection,  and  this 
notwithstanding  my  assertion  that  all  had  been 
seen  to,  and  provided  for,  by  his  Excellency, 
the  English  Col.  Faucit  at  Hanau  !  And  now 
I  was  given  to  understand  that  the  whole  routine 
would  have  to  be  again  gone  through  with  in 
conformity  to  the  special  order  of  his  Excellency, 
the  Ambassador,  which  Col.  von  Rainsford 
showed  me.  Accordingly,  I  hastened  to  leave 
Nimwegen  that  I  might  rejoin  my  men  at  3 
P.  M.  the  same  day.  The  rest  of  the  day  was 
spent  by  the  soldiers  in  cleaning  and  painting 
the  ships,  and  by  the  officers,  subalterns  and  my 
self  in  preparing  different  rolls,  which  will  be 
found  under  Letters  B.  C.  and  D. 

24th.  My  orders  were  to  leave  Schanken 
Schanz  at  day-break,  but  the  wind  prevented  me 
from  doing  so  ;  and  although  I  sailed  some 
miles  I  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  shore.  On 
this  account,  we  only  reached  Nimwegen,  opposite 
the  parade-ground,  at  a  quarter  past  five.  Ac 
companied  by  Col.  Dufais,  I  started  an  hour  in 
advance  to  announce  the  arrival  of  the  artillery 
to  Col.  Rainsford.  In  the  Wahl,  where  we 
came  to  anchor,  there  is  a  small  island.  Here  I 
had  the  men  land  and  formed  in  companies. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  29 

The  above  mentioned  Col.  Rainsford,  accom 
panied  by  his  Highness,  Prince  of  Waldeck's 
Colonel  and  Commander  Von  der  Hooven,  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  staff-officers  of  the  garri 
son,  paid  me  a  visit  while  at  this  spot.  As  they 
left  the  boats  and  passed  along  our  front,  I  or 
dered  the  march  to  be  beaten  and  the  men  to 
give  the  usual  salute.  I  then  gave  the  command, 
"  Turn  right ;"  on  which  the  officers  and  sub 
alterns  advanced  to  the  centre  of  the  company 
and  reformed  the  front. 

The  colonel  was  present  at  roll-call  and 
mustered  the  men  himself;  looked  over  each 
soldier  critically ;  and  expressed  his  satisfaction  at 
the  general  appearance  of  all  the  men.  Finally, 
I  formed  the  company  into  four  sections  and 
caused  them  to  salute  while  passing.  I  then 
asked  for  further  instructions,  and  was  told  that 
the  men  must  take  the  oath  of  fealty  to  their 
Majesties.1  My  reply  was,  that  if  desired,  I 
would  order  my  men  to  pass  before  them  for  re 
view  twice  more,  but  that  it  would  be  useless  to 
oblige  them  to  take  the  oath  again,  as  that  for 
mality  had  been  properly  attended  to  at  Hanau 
in  the  presence  of  the  English  Col.  Faucit ;  and 
further,  by  that  oath,  each  one  of  my  men  was 
bound  to  be  faithful  and  loyal  towards  the  King. 
As  no  objection  was  made  to  this  remark,  I 
ordered  the  men  to  sheathe  their  bayonets,  file  to 

1  King  George  III  and  Prince  William  of  Hanau, 


30  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

the  left,  and   return   in  single  file  into  the  ship. 
This  second  parade  took  up  one  hour. 

This  entirely  unexpected  delay  gave  rise  to 
several  annoyances,  ist  It  caused  an  expendi 
ture  of  121  Dutch  florins  for  the  post-chaise  and 
drink-money,  for  the  living  and  drink  of  the 
Post  riders,  and  for  horses  and  road  and  custom 
house  fees.  All  this  was  incurred  by  the  journey 
from  Schenken  Schanz1  to  Arnheim  and  the 
Hague2,  back  to  Nimwegen,  and  from  Nimwe- 
gen  to  Schenkan  Schanz :  ad  On  account  of 
this  three  days'  delay  my  men  were  short  of  their 
rations  for  just  that  length  of  time  ;  and  3d,  the 
sailing-master  Bechtel  was  out  of  pocket  76  to 
78  florins  by  this  delay  which  caused  extra  ex 
penses  for  the  wheel-man,  himself  and  his 
sailors.  All  this  I  reported  to  the  Ambassador 
at  the  Hague,  stating,  at  the  same  time,  that  as 
this  had  all  happened  without  any  fault  on  our 
part,  these  expenses  should  properly  be  charged 
to  the  King's  account.  That  personage  imme 
diately  approved  of  it  thinking  the  amount 
reasonable  ;  and  I  handed  to  Colonel  Rainsford 
the  necessary  orders  for  the  repayment.  Accord 
ingly,  my  travelling  expenses  of  121  florins  were 

1  A  strong  fortress  of  Guilderland,  ^Netherlands.  As  long  ago  as  1250  it 

situated  in  an  angle  of  the  Betuwe  where  became  the  residence  of  the  Governors  or 

the  Rhine  divides  into  two  branches.  It  Counts  of  Holland  \  and  since  that  period, 

occupies  a  commanding  position  and  is  it  has  been,  almost  without  interruption 

considered  as  the  centre  of  communication  the  seat  of  government.  It  is  especially 

between  Germany  and  Holland.  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  manufacturies. 

9  A.    large   and    beautiful   town   in  the 


P4USCWS  JOURNAL.  yi 

handed  to  me,  as  soon  as  the  review  was  over,  the 
same  day.  The  provisions,  also,  which  had  been 
ordered  the  previous  day  by  Col.  von  der 
Hooven  by  order  of  Col.  von  Rainsford^  were 
delivered  immediately  after  the  drill.  The  bill 
of  the  sailing-master,  which  I  had  already  ap 
proved  was  countersigned  by  Col.  Rainsford,  but 
not  paid,  as  this  item  belonged  to  the  contract 
made  by  Col.  Faucit  at  Hanau.  It  would  be 
perfectly  inexcusable  should  this  man  receive 
nothing  for  his  losses.  He  took  good  care  of 
the  transportation,  and  was  ever  ready  to  give 
friendly  aid  even  to  the  most  inconsiderable  man 
in  the  company ;  so  that  he  possesses  the  love 
and  confidence  of  every  common  soldier.  We 
all  desired  if  it  were  a  possible  thing,  that  he 
should  bring  us  as  far  as  Quebec. 

With  all  the  above  mentioned  matters  the 
24th  passed ;  and  we  spent  the  night  on  the 
Island  off  which  we  anchored. 

25th.  The  company  were  obliged  to  start  at 
day-break.  By  order  of  the  Colonel,  I  left  the 
command  with  Lieutenant  Spangenberg,  who, 
with  Lieut.  Bach  remained  with  the  men  ;  and 
in  company  with  the  Colonel  and  Lieut.  Dufais 
set  out  from  Nimwegen1  in  a  small  yacht  for 

1  Famous  from  the  Congress  held  there  Rhine     called   the  Waal.     It   is  fortified 

under  the  mediation  of  Charles  II ;  and  with    walls    and    ditches    and    extensive 

for   the   peace  concluded    at  and   ratified  out  works.     Taken  by    the  French,  8th 

by  William  the  III  in  1678.   Situated  on  Sept.,  1794. 
the   left   bank  of  the  great  branch  of  the 


32  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

Dortrecht1  at  1 1  o'clock  that  same  morning. 
Our  object  was  to  look  for  our  transport-ship  ; 
and  this  we  found,  on  the  afternoon  of  the  26th, 
on  the  "  Kiel,"  a  great  canal  about  a  short  mile 
distant  from  Wilhelmstadten.2  The  Colonel  and 
ourselves  boarded  it  that  we  might  personally 
inspect  the  ship,  and  also  make  arrangements 
with  the  Captain  for  the  boarding  and  accommo 
dation  of  our  men.  The  presence  of  the  Colonel 
and  of  Lieut.  Dufais  was  very  necessary  in  per 
fecting  these  arrangements,  as  the  Captain  spoke 
only  English  except  a  very  little  French  ;  indeed, 
he  spoke  even  less  French  than  myself.  Our 
ship,  which  is  called  the  "  Juno  "  is  a  three-master, 
and  is  commanded  by  Captain  Edward  Schmidt, 
a  very  quiet  and  pleasant  Englishman  of,  perhaps, 
38  years  of  age.  The  "Juno"  is  not  a  common 
transport-ship.  It  presents  a  neat  appearance, 
and  was  formerly  engaged  in  the  Slave-trade. 
She  carries  on  her  front  decks  1 8  short  iron  ship 
cannon  ;  but,  at  present,  has  on  board  only  seven 
pieces  of  4  and  6  Ibs  calibre.  The  captain  in 
tends  to  make  up  his  full  complement  of  cannon 
at  Portsmouth.  The  Colonel  informed  me  that 

1  Dortrecht    or    Dort,   a   town    in   the  synod   of   Dort  having  been    held  here  in 

Netherlands  in  S.  Holland.     It  suffered  1618  and    19,  an  assembly  of  Protestant 

in    142.1,  by  a   terrible  inundation  which  divines  which  condemned   the  tenets    of 

breaking     down  the    dykes  swept    away  the  Armenians. 

72,  villages  and  drowned  100,000  people.  2A  strongly  fortified  town  in  Holland, 
The  timber  which  is  brought  in  immense  on  that  part  of  the  Meuse  called  Butter- 
floats  down  the  Rhine  is  here  prepared  vliet.  It  is  one  of  the  Keys  of  Holland, 
for  use  in  the  saw-mills  and  exported,  and  ^defended  with  7  bastions  and  double 
The  place  it  also  famous  from  the  famous  fosse.  It  has  also  an  excellent  harbor 


PAUSCPTS  JOURNAL.  33 

in  case  of  an  emergency,  my  men  would  be  ex 
pected  to  help  serve  the  cannon  ;  and  that,  if  the 
ship  should  be  attacked,  we  must  all  turn  to  and 
aid  in  defending  it  to  our  utmost  ability.  This 
request,  together  with  the  English  order,  I  kept 
to  myself,  only  communicating  them  to  Lieut. 
Dufais  and  the  other  officers;  for  I  resolved  only 
to  tell  my  men  of  what  was  expected  of  them 
when  the  emergency  should  arise,  hoping,  by 
this  course,  to  keep  them  from  becoming  timid, 
and  perhaps,  as  it  might  prove,  without  reason. 

The  bedsteads  and  the  small  mattrasses  and 
quilts  are  of  middling  quality,  good  or  bad  as 
you  have  a  mind  to  call  them.  I,  therefore,  gave 
them  the  company's  covers.  It  was  difficult  to 
find  accommodations  for  the  company  on  this 
ship.  The  beds,  six  in  number,  are  very  narrow 
and  are  arranged  in  two  tiers  one  above  the 
other,  and  separated.  Every  six  men  receive 
their  provisions  together.  To  every  Corporal's 
squad,  I  give  one  officer  and  eleven  common 
soldiers.  The  married  men  and  women  occupy 
the  beds;  and  to  prevent  misbehaviour  as  much 
as  possible,  every  three  pairs  are  separated.1  My 
three  officers  and  myself  have  a  pretty  large 
cabin,  the  wainscotting,  upholstering  and  table 
of  which  are  very  neatly  finished  in  Mahogany. 
After  spending  about  an  hour  and  a  half  in  our 
inspection  and  in  completing  our  final  arrange- 

/.  t.  Three  pairs  to  each  bed. 

5 


34  PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

ments,  we  started  back  to  Dortrecht.  We 
had,  on  the  25th,  scarcely  left  Nimwegen  at  1 1 
o'clock,  when  we  found  that  our  Hanau  ships 
with  the  artillery  had  been  again  arrested,  and 
we  were  once  more  obliged  to  pay  revenue 
duties.  By  the  merest  luck,  the  English  Colo 
nel,  who  was  with  us,  had  Holland  money.  For 
a  permit  to  proceed  he  had  to  pay  33  florins,  and 
for  the  passage- money  of  the  Hanau  Regiment, 
12  florins  and  16  stuber.  Nor  until  these  sums 
had  been  actually  paid  down  in  our  presence, 
were  we  allowed  to  proceed  on  our  voyage.  In 
deed,  these  Holland  formalities  were  of  such 
a  nature  that  had  not  the  Colonel  chanced  to  be 
present  with  the  money,  a  second  journey  to 
the  Hague  would  have  been  unavoidable. 

On  the  25th  two  craft,  called  lighters,  were 
chartered  at  Dortrecht  and  sent  back  to  meet 
the  Hanau  ships  a  little  distance  from  Herrten- 
felds  where  they  were  reloading. 

26th.  In  this  lighter,  containing  one-half  of 
the  men,  the  six  cannon,  one  gun-carriage,  one 
cart,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  baggage,  I 
started  ahead  from  Dortrecht,  at  half  past  one, 
for  the  transport  ship,  arriving  there  at  about  a 
quarter  past  three.  I  immediately  set  about 
transferring  the  contents  of  the  small  vessel  to  the 
large  one  ;  but  I  had  not  yet  finished  my  work 
when,  three  hours  later,  the  other  lighter  arrived 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  35 

with  the  rest  of  the  men  and  the  buggy,  and 
also  with  the  Colonel  and  Lieutenant  Dufais. 
Every  thing  was  then,  in  the  wink  of  an  eye, 
transferred  from  the  lighters  to  the  transport 
vessel  the  same  night. 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  the  vessel  chosen  for 
the  purpose  is  altogether  too  small.  The  fol 
lowing  two  days  were  spent  in  arranging  matters 
and  putting  things  to  rights..  The  cannons, 
together  with  the  gun-carriages,  were  lowered 
into  the  hold  of  the  ship  on  top  of  the  ballast 
and  barrels,  but  in  such  a  way  that  many  repairs 
will  be  necessary  when  we  take  them  up  again 
on  account  of  the  smallness  of  the  space.  Every 
thing  else  is  still  between  decks.  (N.  B.  as  ao 
place  could  be  found  for  the  large  casks  contain 
ing  the  harnesses  for  the  horses,  they  had  to  be 
all  unpacked,  and  after  being  folded  up  and  tied 
together  they  were  taken  to  the  hold  of  the 
vessel,  together  with  the  ropes,  bags,  mangers, 
and  pouch-bags.)  The  Captain  will  have  to, 
and  indeed,  intends,  to  procure  an  additional  and 
smaller  vessel  either  at  Portsmouth  or  Spithead, 
so  that  the  space  between  decks  may  be  clear, 
free,  and  open. 

27th.  We  sailed  from  the  place  where  we  em 
barked,  Colonel  Rainsford  taking  leave  of  us  and 
starting  for  the  Hague.  Before  he  took  his  de 
parture,  he  sent  to  London^  by  the :  Packet-boat 


36  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

from  Helvoetsluys1  a  large  package  addressed  to 
His  Majesty,  the  King  of  Great  Britain.  We 
passed  Wilhelmstadt  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
of  Helvoetsluys,  where  we  cast  anchor,  and  here 
in  this  road  we  are  now. 

28th. 

29th. 

3oth. 

3  i  st.  We  are  still  here,  in  consequence  of  con 
trary  winds  ;  but  'as  soon  as  the  wind  changes, 
we  will  not  hesitate,  if  the  change  is  favorable, 
to  get  under  sail  for  our  place  of  destination  and 
rendezvous. 

Up  to  the  present  time,  we  are  all  well  and 
healthy  having  escaped  catching  the  itch  of 
Bombadier  Wall,  S,  C,,  who  has  it  terribly.  I 
have  him  sleep  all  alone.  Unfortunately,  the 
surgeon  on  board  has  no  remedy  for  this  disease 
with  him,  nor  can  he  procure  any  until  we 
arrive  at  Portsmouth.  Since  the  2jth,  every 
body  has  to  take  up  with  the  ship's  table.  We  all 
find  the  food  pretty  palatable  as  yet.  The  beer 
is  passable  and  drinkable,  It  is  called  "  small 
beer  "  in  English. 

The  men,  moreover,  among  themselves  are 
cheerful  and  contented. 

1 A  fortified  town  in  S.  Holland  having  naval  school ;  at  this  time  and  for  along 
a  very  large  and  an  excellent  harbor;  also  while  after,  it  was  the  regular  fetation  for 
extensive  magazines,  dock-yards  and  a  packets  to  England, 


PJUSCITS  JOURNAL.  37 

Colonel  Rainsford  thoroughly  understands  our 
profession,  and  has  been  entirely  favorable  to  us. 
Accordingly,  Dufais  and  myself,  while  with  him 
in  his  yacht,  had  to  undergo  a  systematic  and 
extended  examination  ;  at  the  result  of  which  he 
appeared  very  much  pleased.  We  drew  plans 
and  manoeuvred  while  in  our  little  yacht,  but,  of 
course,  only  on  paper  !  He  enquired  minutely 
into  my  administration  of  the  Company,  as  to  the 
amount  of  clothing  on  hand,  etc.;  and  upon  my 
specifying  every  thing  I  had  on  hand,  and  also 
telling  him  what  I  had  given  to  each  new  man, 
he  expressed  his  entire  satisfaction.  He  was, 
also,  particularly  gratified  on  being  told  that  each 
company,  by  order  of  his  most  serene  Highness 
the  Prince,  were  supplied  with  an  equally  good 
outfit  and,  in  some  instances,  perhaps  a  better. 

He  took  notes  of  all  these  details,  and  assured 
me  that  he  would  make  a  favorable  report  both 
to  his  Majesty,  the  King,  and  to  the  Ambas 
sador. 

The  troops  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  on  the 
contrary,  were  poorly  provided  with  these  neces 
sary  articles,  having  very  little,  if  indeed,  any 
thing  with  them. 

Second  Continuation  of  the  "Journal,  which  ended 

May  3 1  st. 

1776,  June  i st.  We  rode  at  anchor  in  the 
roadstead  of  Helvoetsluys  until  the  following 


38  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

morning.  At  half  past  eight,  the  anchors  were 
weighed,  and  we  made  sail  with  a  favorable, 
though  high  wind.  This  favorable  wind  lasted 
no  longer  than  till  evening  when  it  veered  round 
and  became  unfavorable.  However,  we  con 
tinued  on  our  course  until  morning. 

2d.  No  wind  whatever  ;  and  we  could  scarcely 
notice  that  we  were  moving.  By  12  o'clock  at 
noon  the  wind  became  again  favorable,  but  was 
still  very  weak.  Towards  3  o'clock  it  became 
stronger  again,  but  being  rather  ahead  delayed 
our  progress. 

gd.  However,  we  continued  on,  and  reached 
the  Channel  about  9  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
June  3d,  with  a  favorable  but  scarcely  a  notice 
able  breeze.  Towards  6  o'clock  in  the  evening,  a 
thunder-shower  gathered,  but  it  passed  off 
towards  the  French  coast.  Towards  half  past 
eight  in  the  evening,  another  terrible  thunder 
storm  arose  accompanied  by  terrific  lightning 
and  a  very  severe  wind  ;  which  latter,  although 
at  first  favorable  for  us,  soon  afterward  became 
contrary.  This  weather  lasted  until  midnight. 
The  Captain  felt  considerable  alarm,  for  we 
were  pretty  close  to  two  sand-banks  in  the 
channel ;  and  the  worst  of  all  was,  that  it  was 
night. 

4th.  After  midnight,  the  danger  seemed  to 
vanish  ;  by  two  in  the  morning  the  wind  was 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  gg 

favorable  ;  by  nine  and  ten  it  was  still  favorable 
but  high  ;  and  at  half  past  ten  we  reached  the 
roadstead  of  Spithead  where  we  cast  anchor. 

Continuation  of  the   Interrupted  Journal  at 
Spithead. 

June  4th.  After  mailing  my  letters  and  hum 
ble  reports,  I  enquired  at  what  time,  the  re 
mainder  of  the  Hessian  and  Brunswick  troops, 
and,  also,  those  of  Waldeck,  were  expected  to 
arrive  ;  but  at  this  time  I  could  learn  nothing 
definite  about  them.  Thus  passed  the  5th,  6th, 
7th,  8th,  gth,  roth  and  nth. 

J2th.  The  three  transports,  with  troops  of  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick,  arrived  today  under  the 
command  of  Col.  von  Specht,  one  of  the  trans 
port-ships  containing  his  own  regiment. 

1 4th.  Having  known  Col.  von  Specht  during 
the  last  war,1  I  called  on  him  and  enquired 
after  the  rest  of  the  troops,  but  he  knew  nothing 
about  them.  Regarding  himself,  however,  he 
said,  that  in  consequence  of  continuous  contrary 
winds  his  ship  was  thirteen  days  in  coming  from 
the  neighborhood  of  Stade  ;2  in  fact,  that  the 
vessel  had  not  done  much  more  than  drift  ;  and 

1  The  "  Seven  Years  War."  residence  of  the  Counts.        It  possesses  a 

2  A  town  in  the  Dutchy  of  Bremen  on  strong    fort.       General    Riedesel     passed 
a  small  river  about  a  mile  from  the  Elbe;  through  this  place  on  his  way  to  Canada, 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  country  and  the 


4.0  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

that  he  had  had  to  put  up  with  many  disagree 
able  things.  The  Brunswick  troops,  he  said, 
had  all  sailed  at  the  same  time  ;  and  that  those 
of  the  ships  which  were  still  missing  had  been 
driven  out  of  their  course  by  the  wind,  and  had 
thus  become  separated  from  the  others.  He  had 
also  heard  that  at  the  time  he  started,  some  Hes 
sian  troops  had  embarked  in  only  two  vessels  ; 
and  it  was  said  that  seven  transports  were  still 
required  for  the  rest. 

1 5th.  After  the  i5th  had  passed,  the  missing 
ships,  containing  the  Brunswick  troops,  arrived 
on  the  1 6th  in  the  offing;  also  the  Waldeck 
Regiment. 

1 6th.  Some  of  the  vessels  entered  the  harbor 
of  Spithead  the  same  evening  ;  and  some  early 
the  following  morning. 

i yth.  Of  the  last  comers,  I  have  seen  none  as 
yet.  Lieuts.  Spangenberg  and  Bach  went  to 
day  to  Portsmouth  on  a  furlough.  On  their 
return,  they  reported  that  the  Hessian  troops 
would  arrive  without  fail  on  the  2ist  or  22d  of 
this  month.  But  before  that  time  arrived,  a 
captain  of  a  vessel  brought  the  news,  that  the 
Brunswick  and  Waldeck  troops,  the  Scheiter 
recruits,  the  horses  destined  for  the  Burgoyne 
Light  Dragoon  Regiment,  and  the  artillery  and 
baggage,  under  the  escort  of  two  frigates,  would 
sail  [direct]  for  Quebec.  How  much  truth 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

there  is  in  these  reports,  will   be  seen    between 
now  and  to-morrow. 

All  the  transports,  now  in  this  roadstead,  are 
being  supplied  with  water  and  provisions  for  a 
quarter  of  a  year;  and,  in  order  that  there  may 
be  room  on  board  for  the  men  and  ourselves,  my 
six  cannon,  gun-carriages,  boxes,  chests,  two 
carts,  one  wagon,  blacksmith's  tools,  horses,  har 
nesses,  ropes,  tent- poles  and  other  necessaries 
were  put  on  board  a  smaller  vessel  of  two  masts, 
called  the  "  Gloucester."  All  my  men,  for  the 
purpose  of  keeping  good  order  in  future,  I  keep 
together  on  my  transport,  "  Juno."  It  was  in 
tended  that  I  should  send  on  board  the  "Glou 
cester,"  which  carries  our  "  traps,"  twenty- four 
men  ;  but  I  refused  to  do  so,  on  the  ground  that 
there  was  ample  room  on  the  '*  Juno  "  for  all. 

On  one  of  the  Brunswick  transport-ships  where 
I  had  visited  Col.  von^  Specht  (a  large  Holland 
vessel  called  the  "Freesland"),  there  were  450 
men  not  counting  the  women  and  children.  Even 
after  occupying  the  deck  three  times,  alter 
nately,  they  cannot  inhale  the  fresh  air.  The 
Colonel,  himself,  with  sixteen  officers  and  the 
Ship-Captain,  all  occupy  a  cabin  not  much 
larger  than  ours.  For  the  privates,  there  are 
three  tiers  of  bunks  one  on  top  of  the  other. 
There  will  be  a  great  deal  of  sickness  among  these 
poor  people  on  account  of  their  great  number, 
and  the  small  space  allotted  to  them.  It  is  said, 
6 


4.2  PJUSCWS  JOURNAL. 

too,  that  there  is  another  vessel  containing  550 
men,  nearly  an  entire  battalion.  Col.  Specht 
at  once  despatched  a  Captain  to  London,  to  call 
the  attention  of  his  Majesty  the  King,  himself, 
to  this  state  of  affairs  and  beg  him  to  change  it. 

1 9th.  The  day  passed  without  the  arrival  of 
more  vessels. 

2Oth.  About  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a 
whole  fleet  of  Holland  transports  hove  in  sight; 
and  as  they  came  nearer  under  a  good  breeze  we 
were  pretty  certain  that  they  contained  Hessian 
troops,  a  surmise  which  proved  correct  when, 
about  6  o'clock  in  the  evening,  they  cast  anchor 
in  the  road.  Some  of  these  ships  sailed  closer 
in  towards  Portsmouth1  near  the  harbor  ;  and  it 
is  reported  that  they  had  on  board  coal  and 
other  goods 

The  two  Regiments  of  Wultginau  and  Bunan 
were  recognized  this  evening ;  but  the  others 
are  as  yet  unknown  to  me,  as  they  are  still  a  good 

^Speaking  of  Portsmouth  as  it    was  at  fore  seen  such    order  and  cleanliness  in  a 

this  time,  Mrs.  Reidesel  says  :  public  school.      Since  my  visit  it  has  been 

"  Portsmouth    is   an  agreeable  seaport,  entirely  destroyed  by  fire.      The  house  of 

and  that  which  makes  it  the  more  inter-  the    admiral    is    beautiful,    and   the    view 

esting  as  a  residence   is,  that   one  has   a  from  it    magnificent.      A    wall    encircles 

fine  view  of  the  ships  which  arrive  daily,  the     city,     affording     handsome     walks, 

and   announce  themselves  by   firing  can-  There  are  also,   many  beautiful  houses  in 

non.      Then  the  people  run  down  to  the  Portsmouth,    and     the    people,     though 

shore,  and    with    great    impatience  await  mostly    sailors,    are    more    civil    than    in 

their    arrival    in    port.      Ships    are    built  Bristol.       The    admiral    took    care    that 

here,  and  the  dockyard  is  splendid,  as  is,  they    should      be    so,    and    punished    all 

also,  the    building  in    which  those  young  irregularitiei    with    severity,   but  in  other 

men,    who  are  intended  for   the   marine  respects  he  was  a  good  and  kind  man." 
service,  are  educated.      Never  have  I  be- 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

distance  off.  After  bed-time  some  more  of  these 
vessels  came  in  sight  ;  and  the  probability  is,  that 
with  the  splendid  good  wind,  now  prevailing, 
they  will  certainly  arrive  in  time  and  will 
anchor  here. 

Continuation  of  Diary  from  Spithead  near  Ports 
mouth. 

zist.  22d.  During  the  night  of  the  2ist  and 
22d  all  the  Hessian  troops  of  the  Third  Division 
dropped  in  one  by  one  in  Holland  Transports 
and  anchored  in  the  road -stead.  To  these  troops, 
the  Prince  of  Waldeck's  Battalion,  it  is  said,  will 
be  added.  Our  transport  was,  by  this  time,  sup 
plied  with  all  the  necessary  provisions  and  ready 
to  sail.  With  the  greatest  impatience  we  waited 
from  hour  to  hour  for  the  order  to  start.  I 
went  once  more  and  for  the  last  time,  to  Ports 
mouth  both  to  learn  something  definite  and  to 
buy  some  provisions  for  myself.  Here  I  met, 
the  same  morning,  many  Hessian  officers  and 
acquaintances,  and  among  them  Stude,  the  En 
voy  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Capt.  von  Kurtzleben  of 
the  Infantry  Regiment,  and  von  Donop1  who  was 

'Count  von  Donop,  the  brave  Hessian  where   he  lay  three  days  in  agony   before 

colonel,    who  Tell  at  the  Battle  of  Red-  he   expired.      Almost   his    last    words   to 

Bank,    N.    J.,  Oct.  aad,  1777,  aged  37  Duplesse,  who  had   tenderly  nursed  him, 

He    was    found    by    the    French    officer,  were  :   ''  I  die    in  the    arms  of  honor,  a 

Capt.    Duplesse,    lying    helpless    on    the  sudden  termination  for  a  glorious  career  ; 

battle-field  among  the  dead  and  wounded,  but  I  die  the  victim  of  my  ambition,  and 

and    brought  to  the  house   of  a  Quaker,  of  the  avarice  of  my  prince  !  " 


4.4.  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

at  the  same  hotel  where  I  stopped,  and  whom  I 
accordingly  visited  at  his  room,  as  I  had  ascer 
tained  he  was  then  alone.  I  was  received  in  a 
very  friendly  and  hearty  manner  by  this  states 
man  and  courtier  ;  and  after  being  entertained 
by  him  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  I  called 
upon  our  bankers,  Taylor  and  Guitton,  for  the 
purpose  of  hearing  the  news  and  of  bidding  them 
farewell;  for  I  knew  now,  to  a  certainty,  through 
the  English  Quarter-Master  General  of  our  fleet 
(an  officer  of  the  Marines),  that  we  would  surely 
sail  in  a  few  days  with  the  Brunswick  troops  for 
Quebec  under  sealed  orders. 

While  waiting  at  the  Bankers,  I  met  an  army 
pay-master,  one  Schmidt  of  the  third  division  of 
the  Hessian  army.  He  was  obliged  to  exchange 
his  40,000  Thalers  for  small  bank-notes  of  five 
pounds  sterling  each,  instead  of  guineas.  This 
went  sadly  against  the  grain  ;  and  I  saw  clearly 
that  he  would  very  naturally  have  preferred  good 
hard  guineas.  The  same  offer  was  also  made  to 
me,  viz  :  that  I  should  take  as  many  small  notes 
as  I  was  in  need  of.  I  expressed  my  thanks  but 
did  not  avail  myself  of  their  offer,  saying  that 
I  had  as  many  of  them  as  I  should  need  before 
arriving  at  Quebec,  as  my  men  were  now  all  on 
board  the  ship  ;  and,  consequently,  would  not  re 
quire  any  money.  I  also  said,  that  I  hoped, 
after  arriving  there1,  that  I  should  receive  genuine 

1  /.  e.  Quebec. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  4.5 

money,  not  those  little  bits  of  paper1  ;  and  farther, 
that  I  intended  to  pay  my  men  for  their  services 
in  real  money  till  we  arrived  [in  America].  My 
chief  reason,  however,  —  and  it  was  not  inconsist 
ent  with  the  above  excuse --was  this;  that  in 
case  of  an  accident  to  the  ship  or  to  us,  the  little 
quantity  of  money  we  had  on  board  might  be 
more  easily  saved.  I  had  intended,  after  finish 
ing  all  my  business,  to  go  on  board  the  vessel  at 
about  7  o'clock,  but  the  weather  was  so  stormy, 
that  no  one  would  risk  his  life  by  going  out  to 
the  ship  in  a  small  boat  ;  and  his  life  would 
really  have  been  greatly  endangered.  I  at 
tempted  it  twice  between  8  and  9  o'clock  but 
each  time  was  driven  back  to  the  shore. 

22d.  Finally,  after  many  dangers,  I  started  in 
my  boat  the  next  morning  between  8  and  1 1 
o'clock,  on  the  22d  ;  but  I  was  obliged  to  get  on 
board  a  ship  anchored  quite  a  distance  from 
mine,  and  on  which  were  the  Hessian  Chasseurs 
and  Grenadiers,  and  there  wait  until  the  fury  of 
the  storm  had  abated  and  my  clothes  had  dried. 
This  was  not  until  afternoon. 

Every  thing  was  sinfully  extravagant  and  dear, 
during  the  whole  time  of  our  stay,  both  for 
officers  and  privates.  This  remark  applies  to 
every  necessary  article  for  our  use.  All  imagin 
able  provisions  were  daily  brought  by  vendors 
from  the  city  in  small  boats  to  each  ship  for 

1  Had    Pausch     lived    in    our  day    he     "  Bland  Silver  dollar  !  " 
would     probably   have   gone   in   for   the 


46  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

sale  ;  but  bread  and  every  thing  else  was  so  dear 
that  the  men  could  hardly  afford  to  buy  them. 
Otherwise,  Portsmouth  and  its  surroundings  are 
very  pleasant. 

The  city  itself,  judging  from  outward  appear 
ance,    consists    of   well    built    houses,    although 
there  are  many  small  dwellings  in  the  side  streets 
and   suburbs.      To  the  west  of  it,  is  a    large  and 
extensive    building    with   big    gardens   attached. 
This  is  the  Hospital  for  all  the   sick  soldiers  and 
sailors    of    the    King.      Others,     however,    may 
become   inmates  by    obtaining  permission.     To 
the  east  is  the  citadel,  which,  as  well  as  the  city 
near   the    road  stead,    is  fortified  by    many   large 
iron  cannons.     On  the  landside,  also,  the  place  is 
enclosed    by     the    most     durable    works.       The 
harbor,    the  wharfs --in  fact,    the  shops   for  the 
building     and    repairing    of    ships,    the    anchor 
works    and    other    blacksmith-shops,    the   depot 
for  provisions  and  the  arsenals  are  all  well  worthy 
of   inspection.       Especially     noteworthy    is    the 
astonishing  number     of  iron    ship-cannon -- of 
from  48  to  12  and  6  pounders — with   the  large 
quantity    of  balls,  and  the  awfully   big   anchors. 
But  the  handsomest  appearance  of  all  was  made 
by    the    Manual    transport    frigate,    which    was 
anchored  in   the    road.      Many  other   ships  were 
also    gathered    here     in    considerable     numbers. 
The  place,  itself,  which  is  not  extensive,  deserves, 
on  account   of  the    above  objects  of  curiosity,  to 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

be  visited  in  preference  to  many  other  towns. 
It  should  be  seen  particularly  during  the  working 
hours  of  the  ship-builders.  A  visitor,  also,  should 
glance  at  the  front  of  the  Arsenal  where  are 
situated  the  cannon,  mortars,  and  the  balls. 

230!  and  24th.  During  the  23d  and  24th  the 
Brunswick  troops  were  supplied  with  their  pro 
visions.  The  provisioning  of  the  Hessian  soldiers 
was  also  begun.  On  the  evening  of  the  24th,  the 
above  mentioned  officer  of  Marines,  viz  :  the 
former  Quarter- Master  General,  inspected  the 
number  of  our  Marines.  He  also  looked  over 
the  list  of  the  Captain  commanding  the  ship  on 
which  was  my  company.  He  then  told  us  that 
we  would  sail  on  the  morrow,  and  hoped  and 
wished  that  we  would  reach  our  destination  after 
a  pleasant  voyage, 

25th.  A  little  past  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
our  anchors  were  hoisted,  and,  under  the  pro 
tection  of  the  two  frigates,  "  Amazon  '  and 
"  Garland,"  we  sailed  with  the  rest  of  the  trans 
ports  as  far  as  the  Island  of  St.  Helena1  where 
we  all  again  cast  anchor.  This  Island  is  from 
six  to  seven  miles  distant  from  Portsmouth,  and, 
as  my  ship's  Patron2  describes  it,  15  English 
miles  long  and  about  the  same  in  width.  It  is 
inhabited  ;  and  is  very  pleasant  and  fertile. 
Here  I  counted  our  fleet,  which  was  separated 

1  Pausch     (probably     from     lack,     of     of  Wight,  with    the    Island   itielf.      He 
knowledge  of   English)  was    misled,  and     means  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
confused  the  Bay  of  St.  Helens  in  the  Isle          2/.  e.  The  Captain. 


4.8  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

from  the  rest  at  Spithead.  It  consists,  including 
our  ship,  of  30  transports,  and  the  above  men 
tioned  frigates,  of  which  the  "  Amazon  "  leads 
the  van,  and  the  "  Garland  "  brings  up  the  rear. 
The  entire  fleet,  therefore,  consists  of  32  ships. 
One  of  these  ships  carries  our  company  with  all 
of  its  "  traps  "  and  accoutrements  ;  while  eighteen 
others  have  on  board  the  troops  of  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick,  Scheiter's  recruits,  the  horses  for 
the  Light  Dragoon  Regiment  of  Burgoyne,  and 
the  artillery  and  baggage. 

The  commander  of  the  fleet — so  far  as  relates 
to  the  ships  themselves  —  is  Capt.  Jacobs,  a 
Swede  by  birth  ;  but  the  Brunswick  troops  are 
under  the  command  of  Col.  von  Specht. 

26th.  At  a  quarter  past  four  in  the  afternoon, 
the  signal  shot  was  fired ;  the  sails,  hitherto 
lowered,  were  hoisted  ;  the  anchors  were 
weighed  ;  and,  without  further  delay  and  with  a 
fine  east  wind,  we  sailed  ;  and  thus,  at  last,  we 
had  made  a  good  start  upon  our  journey. 

27th.  During  this  day  we  kept  generally  along 
side  of  the  fleet,  ours  being  the  ship  nearest  the 
frigate  which  led  the  advance.  But  as  the  dusk 
of  evening  came  on,  the  commander  of  the 
"  Amazon  "  saw  that  our  Captain,  although  only 
under  half  sail,  had  to  hold  back  his  ship  with 
all  his  might,  since,  of  all  the  other  transports,  it 
cut  its  way  the  quickest  through  the  waves  ; 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  4.9 

in  fact,  sailing  as  well  as  the  fastest  frigate.  The 
"  Amazon's  "  Commander,  accordingly  ordered 
our  captain  to  lower  those  sails  which  were  still 
unfurled,  and  to  sail  in  front  of  his  frigate,  direct 
ing  him  at  the  same  time,  however,  not  to  lose 
sight  of  the  fleet.  The  Captain  did  as  ordered 
and  placed  our  ship  in  the  van.  But,  as  in  con 
sequence  of  the  night,  all  the  ships  were  obliged 
to  separate  somewhat  from  the  rest  in  order  to 
avoid  an  untoward  collision,  and  as,  furthermore, 
the  darknesss  rendered  it  impossible  to  keep  the 
fleet  in  view,  we  found,  at  day-break  of  the  28th, 
that  we  had  entirely  separated  from  it.  We 
could  not,  indeed,  see  a  single  vessel.  We  were 
now  alone  on  the  open  sea  without  the  company 
of  our  transports  and  the  protection  of  our 
frigates;  and  the  2gth  and  3Oth  past  in  a  fruit 
less  attempt  to  rejoin  them.1 

At  the  end  of  these  two  days  we  gave  up  all 
hope  of  again  meeting  them  :  the  wind  was  un 
favorable  :  we  could  make  but  little  progress  : 
we  could  only  tack. 

July  ist.   No    wind:   indeed,  far   less   than  on 
the  previous    two  days.      In    twenty-nine  hours, 
we  made  scarcely  as  many  English  miles.     The 
same   evening,   however,  a  breeze   sprang    up    of 
such  a  nature  as  to  cause  the  sea  to  become  very 

1  Corroborated  by  Riedesel,  who  writes,  board  the  Hesse-Hanau  artillery  ;  but  the 
"The  transports  had  left  England  simul-  latter,  soon  becoming  separated  from  the 
taneously  with  the  vessel  having  on  rest  of  the  convoy,  got  the  lead." 


50  PJUSCH'S  JOURNJL. 

boisterous.  After  twenty-four  hours,  however, 
the  angry  waves  quieted  down,  but  the  head 
wind  still  continued,  so  that  little  headway  was 
made  in  a  westerly  direction. 

4th,  5th  and  6th.  The  wind  seemed  gradually 
to  become  more  and  more  auspicious -- though 
not  all  that  could  be  desired -- until  the  morning 
of  the  yth,  when,  at  a  quarter  past  seven,  the 
wind  became  perfectly  favorable  and  the  sea 
calm  and  propitious  for  our  progress.  On  the 
evening  of  the  same  day,  about  a  quarter  of  7,  we 
perceived  approaching  us  a  small  two-master. 
Our  Captain  recognized  it  as  an  American  priva 
teer  or  pirate.  He  therefore  ordered  his  six 
cannon  to  be  got  in  readiness  for  action,  and  also 
the  small  arms  for  the  sailors,  which  consisted  of 
guns,  pistols,  blunderbusses,  and  long  terrible 
Israelitish  cimeters1.  My  men,  also,  who  were  not 
yet  sea-sick  were  made  ready  for  the  emergency. 
The  subalterns  and  my  best  cannoniers  I  armed 
with  the  twelve  muskets  which  I  had.  I  could 
not  help  feeling  sorrowful  at  the  lack  of  muskets, 
for,  otherwise,  I  might  have  armed  my  entire 
company. 

8th.  Towards  morning,  about  a  quarter  past 
one,  the  American  Corsair  was  within  gun-shot. 
We  saluted  it  by  three  sharp  cannon  shot,  follow 
ing  each  other  in  slow  succession,  as  a  sign 

1  Pausch  calls  them  "  Israelitish,"  but  was  not  exhaustive  j  and  anything  from 
he  probably  meant  Damascus  cimeters.  Syria  or  the  East  had,  in  his  mind,  a 
The  knowledge  of  the  East  at  this  time  Jewish  cast  ! 


PAUSCtfS  JO URNAL.  $  j 

for  it  to  halt.  Whereupon,  it  hung  out  from 
the  mast-head  a  lighted  lantern,  furled  its  sails 
and  waited.  Upon  hailing  it  through  a  speak 
ing-trumpet,  the  captain  ascertained  that  it  was 
only  a  French  fishing  smack,  bound  for  the  great 
fishing  banks  of  Newfoundland,  which  France, 
under  certain  conditions,  holds  in  common  with 
England.  These  banks  are  situated  between 
Cape  Race1  and  St.  Peter's  Bank,  150  English 
miles  in  front  of  the  above  mentioned  Cape 
almost  in  mid-ocean.  The  captain  went  in  one 
of  our  boats  on  board  the  vessel  and  found  that 
the  master  of  the  smack  had  stated  things  cor 
rectly. 

For  six  days  this  fishing  smack  had  sailed 
under  favorable  winds — the  same  winds  which 
to  us  had  been  so  inauspicious.  The  fact  that  it 
was  night,  had,  it  seems,  caused  our  ship  to  be 
taken  for  the  English  frigate  "  Juno,''  and  to  be 
respected  accordingly.  This  was  quite  an  inno 
cent  honor  !  Another  vessel  of  the  same'  kind 
appeared  a  few  hours  later  ;  and,  again,  it  was 
taken,  in  the  distance,  to  be  an  American  priva 
teer.  We  went  through  the  same  manoeuvres  as 
before,  and  with  the  same  result ;  as  it  turned  out, 
as  above  hinted,  to  be  another  French  fishing 
smack.  The  French  Captain  requested  our 
Captain,  upon  landing,  to  insert  in  a  Newspaper, 
that  the  English  transport  "  Juno,"  having  on 

1  Pausch  refers  of  course,  to  Cape  Ray,  opposite  Cape  Breton. 


52  P4USCWS  JOURNAL. 

board  the  Hanau  Artillery,  had  met  his  vessel  on 
her  way  to  America.  Regarding  our  ship  having 
been  mistaken  for  the  "  Juno  "  by  the  first  vessel, 
Capt.  Schmidt  of  our  ship  gave  that  out  for  a 
fact;,  and  it  was  no  doubt  so  reported  in  some 
of  the  newspapers. 

During  these  defensive  preparations,  and  while 
it  was  yet  supposed  that  the  vessels  were  priva- 
.  teers,  there  was  considerable  downheartedness 
among  both  the  young  and  old — particularly 
when  the  cannon  were  firing.  However,  after  a 
little  while  all  hands,  except  those  who  were  sea 
sick,  came  up,  with  sabres  in  their  hands,  ready  for 
fighting.  The  sabres,  however,  were  so  short 
that  they  would  have  been  of  no  use  for  blood 
letting  unless  the  enemy  had  boarded  the  ship. 
I  was  in  the  greatest  dilemma  on  account  of 
the  paucity  of  muskets;  for  with  those  18'  we 
might  have  been  captured. 

I2th\  Our  ship  continued  on  without  any 
more  of  such  obstacles.  The  wind,  however, 
continued  more  adverse  than  favorable,  constantly 
driving  our  vessel  in  a  zig-zag  course,  now  to  the 
right,  and  now  to  the  left,  whereby  we  made 
but  little  progress.  Towards  a  quarter  of  nine 
the  wind  began  to  get  astonishingly  strong. 
The  waves  roared  around  the  ship  to  the 
height  of  two-thirds  of  the  main-mast.  This 

1  ia?   See  Ante. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  53 

caused  considerable  commotion  in  the  ship,  so 
that  no  one  could  stand,  much  less  walk,  and 
this  lasted  fully  twenty-four  hours. 

1 3th.  Towards  9  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  the 
wind  being  fair,  we  made  eight  English  miles 
an  hour ;  but  our  joy,  on  this  account,  lasted 
only  till  half  past  three  in  the  afternoon  when 
the  wind,  becoming  a  perfect  gale,  lashed  the 
sea  into  terrible  fury  and  caused  us  to  expect 
death  every  moment.1 

1 5th.  Toward  4  o'clock  in  the  morning  of 
the  1 5th  this  gale  was  succeeded  by  a  favorable 
wind  which  lasted  till  the  i/th,  when  by  4 
o'clock  in  the  morning  it  threatened  to  change 
into  a  most  furious  gale.  Indeed,  it  soon  be 
came  so  violent,  that  the  Captain,  who  was 
generally  a  most  courageous  man  and  a  daring 
mariner,  lost  his  courage.  So,  also,  did  the 
sailors.  All  the  sails  which  were  hoisted  were 
torn  by  the  wind  into  tatters,  and  the  main  mast 
(the  strongest)  was  broken  short  off.  Each  suc 
cessive  wave  following  the  other  swept  over  the 
deck  or  rather  the  ship ;  and  so  much  water 
came  into  the  vessel,  that  those  who  slept  in  the 
lowest  bunk  under  the  forward  deck  with  their 
baggage,  were  flooded  ;  and  this,  too  although 
all  the  openings  and  air-holes  (dead  lights |  were 
covered.  Now  the  ship  would  lay  on  one  side, 

1  And  if  not  too  sea-sick,  Pausch  proba-     in  not  taking  with  him  those  "  little  bits 
bly  congratulated  himself  on  his  foresight     of  paper  !  " 


54  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

and  now  on  the  other  —  her  masts  touching  the 
waters,  which  now  rose  around  the  ship  higher 
than  the  masts.  At  times  we  seemed  to  be  in  a 
deep  abyss  between  the  walls  of  water.  Every 
one  of  us,  including  the  Captain  himself,  ex 
pected  every  moment  would  be  our  last ;  and 
each  one  appeared  reconciled  to  the  inevit 
able,  giving  up  all  hope  of  ever  seeing  America, 
or  his  fatherland  again.  This  storm  was 
not  to  be  compared  with  those  we  had  be 
fore  encountered.  It  continued  without  abate 
ment  until  eleven  at  night,  when  its  fury  became 
less.  All  minds  were  rilled  with  fear  and  terror; 
until  finally,  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the 
1 8th,  the  storm  ceased  its  violence  ;  and  by  after 
noon,  the  wind  became  so  quiet,  that  the  vessel 
made  no  headway  whatever.  At  12  o'clock, 
the  Captain  ascertained,  by  his  quadrant,  that  we 
had  been  driven  back  by  the  storm  forty  miles. 

The  i  gth,  2oth,  2ist,  22d  and  23d  found  us 
continuing  our  voyage  against  head  winds  slowly, 
but,  on  the  whole,  successfully.  The  men  dried 
their  large  and  small  clothes  by  the  little  sun 
which  at  times  shone  ;  while,  daily,  the  torn 
sails  were  repairing. 

24th.  A  storm  again  ;  but  fortunately  not  ac 
companied  by  head  winds,  otherwise,  this  one 
might  have  proved  worse  than  the  last  one. 

25th.  The  25th  was  the  first  really  fine  day 
of  our  voyage  since  we  left  Spithead  and  the 


PAUSCHS  JOURNAL.  55 

Isle  of  St.  Helena  f Isle  of  Wight1  J.  All  this 
time,  up  to  now,  in  addition  to  storms,  we  had 
encountered  very  thick  fog,  constant  rain,  and 
very  cold  weather. 

26th  and  27th.      Wind  and  weather  good. 

28th.  Again,  head  winds.  At  12  o'clock  at 
noon,  the  compass  showed  that  under  the  48th 
degree,  latitude  and  longitude,  we  were  1968 
miles  from  Portsmouth,  of  which  41  was 
reckoned  to  one  degree. 

29th.  This  morning,  about  10  o'clock,  an 
artillery-man,  who  was  doing  sentinel's  duty, 
saw  land,  or  rather  thought  he  saw  it.  Upon 
the  fog  lifting,  however,  and  we  approaching 
nearer,  we  perceived  it  to  be  an  iceberg  \  of  a 
mile  long,  *-  of  a  mile  broad  and  240  feet  high 
without  counting  the  50  or  60  feet  which  was 
under  water.  The  wind  being  more  than  \  a 
head,  the  ice-berg  was  directly  in  our  course  ; 
and  as  the  following  night  was  not  only  very 
dark  but  foggy,  had  it  not  been  discovered  by  us 
in  the  daytime,  it  might  have  caused  a  collision 
and  the  foundering  of  the  ship.  Thus,  our 
general  rejoicing  at  seeing,  as  we  supposed,  land, 
came,  as  the  saying  is,  to  naught.  The  sight  of 
this  great  piece  of  ice  so  suddenly  looming  up 
at  this  time  of  the  year  and  in  such  regions 
caused  in  myself  and  my  companions  (who  felt 

1  See  previous  note. 


56  P^USCfTS  JOURNAL. 

as  I  did)  an  unspeakable  yearning  for  a  self  sup 
porting,  fertile  spot  of  land,  no  matter  where 
situated  ! ' 

30th.  This  day,  as  well  as  the  one  following, 
we  passed  on  the  open  sea,  with  stormy  weather 
and  contrary  winds,  and  suffering,  withal,  the 
cold  of  Winter. 

3 1 st.  At  noon,  we  were,  according  to  our 
reckoning,  in  48  degrees  and  59  minutes  longi 
tude;  and  had,  therefore,  made  2048  English 
miles.  The  same  evening,  about  eight  o'clock, 
we  reached  the  great  Fishing-Banks,  where  we 
found  fifty  fathoms  of  water.  Each  fathom 
contains  or  is  equal  to  six  English  feet. 

August  ist  and  2d.  Our  voyage  was  attended 
by  head  winds  \  on  our  quarter.  Here  we 
caught  English  gold-fish. 

3d.  We  reached  the  Island  of  Cape  Breton 
opposite  Louisburg  with  such  a  favorable  breeze, 
that  we  saw  Cape  Race  at  9  in  the  morning. 
It  lies  to  our  right,  and  forms  with  its  right  bank 
the  strait  or  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  At  this 
point,  according  to  the  statement  of  our  Captain 
and  his  quadrant,  we  had  made  2103  English 
miles  from  Portsmouth,  and  are  now  in  the 
above  named  Gulf. 

1  There  must,  however,  have  been  some  second    division     had    arrived     after    an- 

way  of  communicating  with  Quebec,  some  auspicious  voyage.     The  rumor,  however, 

means     of  telegraphing,  —  since     Gen.  was  only  partially   confirmed,  as  only  one 

Riedesel,  in  his    Journal,   says   "  On  the  ship    arrived  having   on  board  the  Hesse 

29th  of  July  there  was  a  rumor  that  the  Hanau  artillery." 


P^USCfTS  JOURNAL.  57 

5th.  The  wind  was  propitious  ;  but  we  could 
not  make  headway  on  account  of  the  dense  fog, 
as  we  had  to  avoid  the  Islands  of  St.  Magdalene, 
with  the  dangerous  cliffs  by  which  they  are  sur 
rounded,  and  which  lay  to  our  right.  For  this 
reason,  all  our  sails  were  furled  ;  and  coming  to 
a  halt ,  we  caught  gold-fish1  for  pastime.  These 
fish  were  served  the  next  day  with  butter  to  the 
men  as  rations  ;  and  they  tasted  first  rate. 

6th.  On  the  6th  we  again  had  a  view  of  the 
west  side  of  this  Island,  which  we  passed  at  five 
in  the  evening.  In  consequence  of  the  fog  and 
the  cliffs,  the  sails  had  again  to  be  furled, 
obliging  us  to  tack. 

7th.  This  lasted  till  5  in  the  afternoon.  By 
four,  we  had  in  our  sight  the  little  Island  of  St. 
Paul  ;  and  on  our  left  North  Cape  Breton  — 
both  of  which  we  passed  about  1 1  o'clock  in  the 
night. 

8th.  In  the  morning  about  8  o'clock,  we  ap 
proached  North  Point  passing  it  under  a  most 
favorable  wind,  at  about  half  past  eight  in  the 
evening,  alongside  of  the  West  Cape  or  Point  of 
the  Magdalene  Islands. 

1  /.  e.  to  anchor.  As  a  military  man  coast  to  the  extreme  north.  They  were 
and  not  a  sailor,  Pausch  uses  the  term  called  then,  as  they  are  now,  by  English 
he  is  most  familiar  with  —  "halt."  sailors,  "English  gold  finnies  "  and  so 

Pausch  naturally  thought  they  were 

*The  common  salt  water  perch,  found  named  gold-fish. —  A.  McF.  Davis  to  the 
so  abundantly  in  shoal  water  along  the  translator. 

8 


5  8  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

9th,  loth  and  iith.    Until  noon,  there  was  no 
wind.      The  weather,  also,  seemingly,  was  beau 
tiful,  notwithstanding  which  we  made  little  or  no 
progress.      However,   about  half  past  twelve,  we 
had  a  tolerably  fair  breeze,  and  we  passed  Bona- 
ventura.      At   this   place   we  sailed    over  a  bank^ 
where,  for  the  distance  of  a  mile,  we  had  but  4 
and  I  to  5  and  6  fathoms  of  water.     This,  how 
ever,  did  not   last  long ;   for    toward   evening  we 
found  we  had  12,  then  15,  and  finally  16,  and  by 
evening,    80    fathoms    of   water.      We    rounded 
Cape    Rosiere  at    12    o'clock   at  night,    under    a 
most  beautiful  clear    blue  sky  ;   and  early  on  the 
1 2th,  with   extraordinary  good    wind,  we   found 
ourselves  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  south  of  the  Island 
of  Anticosti.      Here  we  met  a  small  two  master, 
which  had  on  board  the  wives  of  English  sailors. 
It  hailed  from  Halifax  ;   and  the  cargo  was  to  be 
discharged  at  Quebec.      On  this  ship  was  a  pilot 
from   the   Isle  of  Orleans,    this   side  of  Quebec, 
who  was   engaged   by  our   Captain  to    take  us  to 
that  place. 

1 3th,  I4th  and  I5th.  We  reached  the  little 
Island  Nicholas.  In  the  morning,  at  half  past 
eight,  we  were  met  by  a  large  English  transport 
having  on  board  Royal  troops  from  Boston  ;  and 
half  an  hour  later,  we  encountered  four  more 
transports,  under  the  escort  of  the  Royal  Frigate 
"  Pearl,"  carrying  troops  for  the  corps  d'armee  in 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  59 

the  vicinity  of  New  York.  We  were  examined 
by  an  officer  of  this  Frigate,  who  boarded  our 
vessel  from  a  small  boat. 

i6th.  The  whole  of  this  day,  as  well  as  the 
next  two  days  ( the  i  yth  and  1 8th)  in  consequence 
of  the  untoward  North  West  wind,  was  spent  in 
loafing  in  the  river  and  in  tacking  from  one  side 
to  the  other  ;  so  that  we  did  not  make  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  headway. 

Since  yesterday,  the  mountains  called  Camille1, 
are  in  sight ;  and  if  we  had  but  a  favorable  wind 
of  only  \  on  our  quarter  we  should  soon  reach 
them.  Today,  we  again  met  a  Royal  Frigate 
on  her  voyage.  She  is  called  the  "Tartar;"  and 
we  met  her  about  15  miles  below  the  above 
named  point,  close  to  the  Camille.  No  officer 
from  this  frigate  examined  us  on  board,  but  only 
by  a  speaking-trumpet. 

1 9th  to  the  z6th.  We  reached  Quebec2 
towards  evening  about  5  o'clock.  On  our  way, 

1  There  are  no   mountains,  now    called  rocky   promontory,   formed    by  the  June 
by  this   name,    either  in  Canada    or    any  tion  of  the  St.  Charles  and  St.  Lawrence 
where  else  that  we  know  of.      The  moun-  Rivers.      The    highest    point    is    on    the 
tains  seen  by  Pausch  were  the  Shikshock  southerly  side,  facing  the  St.  Lawrence  ; 
in  Gaspe,  with  the  Laurentian   and  Alle-  this  side  is  also  the  most  precipitous  and  was 
ghany    range    in  the    distance.      Possibly  originally  about  300  feet  above  the  water. 
"  Camille"  may  have  been  a  local   name  It  slopes  gradually   toward  the    north  till 
given  to   them  at  the    time  when  Pausch  the   elevation  is  perhaps    not   more   than 
wrote,  as  the  Agent  of  the  Seignories,  at  loo    feet   above   the    lower    town.      The 
the     present     day,      enjoys    the    title    of  general  form  of  the  upper  town  resembles 
Camille.  a    triangle,    with    each  side    about  half  a 

mile  in   extent,  the    base   resting  on   the 

2  Quebec,  which  is  a  perfect  type  of  an     land  side.      Around  the  edge  of  this  rock 
ancient   medieval  town,   is  built   upon  a     the    wall  of  the  city   is   built,   which   is 


6o 


PAUSCIfS  JOURNAL. 


we  met  one  transport  with  provisions ;  and 
afterwards,  two  frigates  in  succession,  called  re 
spectively  the  "  Juno  "  and  the  "  Carp.J> 


about  twenty-five  feet  thick  and  twenty- 
five  feet  high,  though  in  many  places, 
owing  to  the  irregularity  of  the  founda 
tion,  it  varies  considerably  from  these 
proportions.  The  walls,  having  been 
built  for  defense,  were  constructed  of 
course  upon  scientific,  military  principles, 
hence  the  ramparts  are  wanting  in  that 
architectural  beauty  one  would  see  in  a 
castle,  for  they  are  so  placed  that  when 
guns  are  mounted  upon  them  they  may 
command  the  most  advantageous  positions, 
so  that  the  fortification  contains  numerous 
angles,  equal  to  almost  any  number  of 
degrees. 

At  the  time  of  Pausch's  visit  there 
were  three  gates  through  the  town  lead 
ing  to  the  "  Lower  town  "  eastward  and 
northward,  and  three  leading  westv/ard 
out  into  the  open  country.  The  three 
former,  since  the  garrison  was  withdrawn 
a  few  years  since,  have  been  razed,  leaving 


nothing  to  obstruct  a  passage  from  the 
Lower  town  j  the  three  latter  still  remain 
arched  gateways,  much  the  same,  doubt 
less,  in  point  of  strength  as  when  they 
were  first  constructed,  but  in  point  o. 
beauty  recently  very  much  improved. 
They  are  named  St.  John,  St.  Louis  and 
Kent  gates  respectively,  the  latter  in 
honor  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  the  father 
of  Queen  Victoria.  Through  St.  Louis  gate 
the  "grand  allte"  which  is  French  for 
Broadway,  the  broadest  street  in  the  city, 
leads  out  into  the  country  direct  to  the 
historic  plains  of  Abraham,  which  are 
about  a  mile  distant.  Nothing  remains 
upon  this  plain  to-day  to  tell  the  visitor 
of  the  scenes  that  were  once  enacted 
here,  except  a  plain,  round  granite  shaft, 
surmounted  by  a  helmet,  on  the  base  of 
which  is  the  following  inscription.  "  Here 
died  Wolfe  victorious,  September  13, 
'759  " 


QUEBEC,  IN  1776. 
From  a  contemporary  Print. 


PAUSCH>S  JOURNAL.  6 1 

At  Quebec,  we  were  ordered  at  once  to  Mon 
treal1  as  the  wind  was  favorable.  We  therefore 
were  obliged  once  more  to  hoist  anchor ;  and,  as 
the  wind  was  auspicious,  sailed  a  little  distance 
up  the  River  and  again  anchored. 

27th.  During  the  night  preceding  the  27th, 
about  a  quarter  to  seven,  we  again  got 
under  way.  Near  Point  Neuf  we  met  a  Frigate, 
and  from  her  we  again  received  an  order  to  sail. 
Accordingly,  we  continued  on,  but  cast  anchor 
the  same  night,  at  half  past  seven,  near  St. 
Pierre. 

28th.  Early  in  the  morning,  at  four  o'clock, 
we  set  sail,  and  reached  Champlain.  Here  lay 

1  Gen.  Riedesel  thus  writes  of  Montreal  found  here.     The  revenues  of  the  semi- 

at  this  time.  nary   amount  yearly  to    twenty  thousand 

"  This  city  is    somewhat    handsomer  thalers.       The  few   Jesuits   who    are    in 

than  Quebec,  and  may  contain,  perhaps,  Montreal,      and,      indeed,      throughout 

sixteen     hundred     houses.     Its    wall     is  Canada,  still  own  their  possessions.     The 

nothing  more  than  an    apology  for  a  wall  entire  parish  of  La   Prairie   in  this   city, 

with  loop-holes  for  cannon  and  fire  arms;  for  instance,  belongs  to  them, 
and  what  is  called    the   citadel  is   only  a          "  The    Hospital    or    Hotel     Dieu,    in 

log    house     in    poor   condition.       These  which  are  some  members  of  the  order  of 

works  were    first  begun    in    1736.      The  St.  4ugustine>  is  in  a  splendid  condition, 

whole  island,  including    the  city,  belongs  There  is,    also,  a  hospital    for  the  army, 

to    the   Seminary.      This    has   eleven   or-  There  is,  likewise,  in  the  city  a  convent — 

dained  priests    beside  a    few  other    priests  La  Communaute  de    Secours  de    la  Con- 

who    are     distributed    among     the    nine  gregation    de    Notre    Dame  —  a    general 

parishes  which  are  on  the  island       These  Hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,    and  a 

were  the  first  priests  that  got  foothold  in  Cloister     of     Recollets.      Of     the     four 

this    part  of  Canada       They  came    from  churches,  that  of  the   Jesuits  has   ceased 

the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  at  Paris,  and  to  exist  " 

are  to  this  day  dependent  upon  it,  havinj          Montreal    was    also    the  market    place 

induced  the  king  of  France  to  grant  them  for    the    important    fur    trade    with    the 

in  1646  this  island.     They  have  founded  Indians;   whence  the  traders   visited  the 

a  very   respectable    college    for  the  youth  Indian   hunters  in  the   interior,   in  order 

who  were  formerly  taught  by  the  Jesuits,  to  exchange  clothing,  ammunition,  orna- 

Near  this  seminary  is   the  best  garden  in  ments,  liquors,  etc.,  for  peltry, 
all   Canada.     Most  European   plants  are 


62  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

at  anchor  the  Frigate  "  La  Blande ;  "  and  we 
were  at  once  ordered  to  start  for  Three  Rivers.1 
It  was  then  a  quarter  past  seven  ;  and  by  a 
quarter  of  ten  we  lay  there  [Three  Rivers  j  at 
anchor.  The  evening  previous  and  also  this 
morning,  our  ship  passed  over  two  sunken  rocks 
and  narrowly  escaped  being  damaged. 

The  wheelman,  the  Captain,  and,  indeed,  all 
of  us,  were  greatly  scared  by  this  occurrence  ; 
for  it  was  but  a  short  time  before  this  that 
we  passed  a  small  vessel  which,  two  months 
since,  had  met  with  a  similiar  accident,  in  con 
sequence  of  which  she  had  been  dismantled,  and, 
as  we  passed,  was  lying  on  her  side.  A  few  hours 
after,  we  received  another  order  to  sail  at  once 
southward,  with  our  transport,  to  Sorel  at  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Richelieu,  across  the  Lake 
St.  Pierre.  The  pilot  and  the  Captain  refused 
to  obey  this  order  on  the  ground  that  there  was 
great  danger  on  account  of  the  lowness  of  the 
water,  our  ship  drawing  14  feet  ;  while,  in  some 
places,  there  was  scarcely  10  to  11  feet  of  water. 

But  notwithstanding  our  remonstrances,  the 
order  was  reiterated  with  the  remark,  "  No 
matter  how  great  the  danger."  This  order  was 
delivered  by  a  little  young  gentleman  of  the 

1  Three    Rivers,  which    was  the   head-  with  1200  inhabitants.      The  chief  build- 
quarters    of"  the    German    troops    during  ings   were    a    convent  of    the    Augustine 
their  winter  cantonment,  was  the  smallest  friars  and  an  English  barracks,  capable  of 
of  the  three    principal   Canadian   towns,  holding  500  men. 
and  counted  at  this  time  about  250  houses 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  63 

Mary.  Now,  after  conducting  the  company 
thus  far  in  safety,  to  imperil  all  merely  for  the 
sake  of  sailing  15  leagues  farther  in  the  same 
ship  was  absurd.  Therefore,  rather  than  run  the 
risk  of  drowning,  I  positively  refused  to  go 
further,  stating  that  my  most  gracious  Prince 
had  lent  the  artillery  company  for  the  service  of 
his  Royal  Majesty,  but  not  for  drowning  pur 
poses  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  As  the  dis 
tance  to  Montreal  was  but  thirty  leagues  I  took 
an  extra  post  and  a  courier ;  and  in  the  company 
of  Lieut.  Dufais  (whom  I  was  obliged  to  take 
with  me  on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  French) 
I  started  from  Three  Rivers  a  little  after  3  P.  M . 

After  traveling  all  night,  I  arrived  at  Mon 
treal  at  half  past  ten  on  the  morning  of  the  29th. 
I  did  not,  however,  meet  his  Excellency  Gov 
ernor  (Lt.  von)  Carleton1  for  that  General  had 
made  his  headquarters  at  Chambly  which  is 
about  9  English  miles  from  Lake  Champlain. 
Here  was  the  army  which  was  divided  into 
Regiments,  and  again  into  commands,  and  was 
encamped  and  partly  billeted  at  this  place.  We 
crossed  the  river  in  small  boats  (canoes);  thence 
to  Chambly  where  I  succeeded  in  finding  his 

1  Of  this  General,  one  of  the  best  offi-  figure,  face,  walk  and  sound  of  his  voice 

cers,    as    regards    kindness,    justice     and  are  just    like  the  Abbot's  and  had  he  the 

ability,  the  British  Government  ever  had,  black  suit  and  wig,  one  could  not  discern 

Riedesel,    in  a  letter    to  his  wife,  gives  a  the  least    difference."      For  an   elaborate 

peculiar  picture.      "  In  order,"  he  writes  sketch  of  Carleton,  See  Haddeti's  Journal ^ 

to  get  an  idea  of  his  personal  appearance,  (a  work  much  quoted  and  deservedly)  and 

imagine    the    Abbot     Jerusalem.       The  Sir  John  Johnson's  Orderly  Book. 


64  PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 

Excellency.  Thence  I  went  to  La  Prairie  to  call 
upon  Col.  von  Gall,1  three  leagues  from  Cham 
bly.  Major  General  von  Riedesel  with  his 
Regiment  of  Infantry  and  a  Battalion  of  Grena 
diers,  were  also  stationed  there.  These  troops, 
however,  were  posted  far  apart  and  scattered/ 

3Oth.  It  was  12  o'clock  when  I  arrived  there; 
and  early  in  the  morning  I  reported  to  Col.  von 
Gall  who  conducted  me  to  Gen.  von  Riedesel. 
With  these  gentleman  I  spent  the  entire  day. 

3  ist.  At  6  in  the  morning,  I  started  for  the 
River  St.  Lawrence ;  crossed  it  to  Montreal ; 
then  back  again  to  Three  Rivers  (traveling  all 
night)  where  I  arrived  at  half  past  eight  o'clock 
on  the  morning  of  the  ist  of  September. 

September  ist.  While  at  Chambly,  I  received 
orders  to  await,  with  my  men,  the  arrival  of  our 
cannon,  and  also  the  whole  of  their  accoutre 
ments,  which  were  in  the  other  ships  with  the 
fleet.  For  this  purpose,  we  were  to  remain  at 
Three  Rivers  ;  but  upon  arriving  there,  I  found 
awaiting  me  an  order  to  hasten  to  Chambly  in 
small  boats  —  a  great  number  of  which  had 
already  been  made  of  pine.  Leaving  behind  a 
detachment,  consisting  of  Lieut.  Dufais,  2  Bom- 
badiers,  i  drummer,  10  artillery-men,  i  wagon- 

1The  commander  of  the  Hesse-Hanau          a  Regarding  the  extent  of  territory  oc- 
Regiment.  cupied  by  the  German  and  English  troops, 

see  note  in  advance  under  November. 


PAltSCH'S  JOURNAL.  65 

maker,  5  mechanics,  and  6  horsemen  for  artillery, 
and  also  i  foreman  for  the  latter,  I  arrived  at 
Chambly.  But  I  secured  the  above  mentioned 
boats  eleven  hours  too  late  according  to  my 
orders. 

ad.  It  was  then  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
I  began  the  embarcation  immediately,  and,  with 
all  possible  speed,  sailed  up  the  river.1  For 
pilots  we  had  on  each  boat  a  Canadian.  There 
were  eight  boats.  My  men  had  to  do  the  row 
ing.  It  made  no  difference  whether  they  under 
stood  rowing  or  not.  At  first,  they  made  bad 
work  with  it  ;  but  after  a  while  they  rowed 
nicely.  My  orders  were  to  stay  at  Berthier  the 
first  night,  and  above  Sorel,  the  second  ;  but  this 
was  entirely  impossible.  I  was  obliged  to  sail 
all  night  ;  and  by  the  time  the  moon  rose,  I  was 
on  the  Lake,  St.  Peter;  and  had  "knocked0 
around  in  the  boats  for  two  hours  between 
Mastriche  and  the  River  de  Loup.  At  12  R  M. 
we  started  once  more ;  and  keeping  on  nearly 
all  day  we  arrived  there  at  half  past  two. 

3d.  Here  were  encamped  also,  that  portion  of 
the  34th  English  Regiment  which  was  not  de 
tached. 


1  This    river  had    various    names.     It     and  St.  John's  river, 
was  called  the  Sorel,  Chambly,  Richelieu 


66  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

The  Commander  of  this  Regiment,  Col.  St. 
Leger1,  entertained  myself  and  my  two  officers 
all  day.  His  men  made  room  for  my  men  in  a 
barn,  where  they  all  spent  the  night  —  a  fact 
worth  knowing  by  all  the  English  and  Germans 
in  Canada.  Myself,  officers  and  men  were 
treated  with  much  respect  and  friendliness  by 
the  above  mentioned  Regiment.2 

4th.  Very  early  in  the  morning  I  gave  the 
order  to  start,  and  arrived  at  7  in  the  evening,  or 
about  dusk,  at  St.  Antoine.  Here  my  men  got 
a  barn  for  the  night ;  the  officers  and  myself 
going  to  the  adjoining  dwelling-house.  We 
were  received  by  the  people  here  in  a  polite  and 
friendly  manner.  Every  thing --no  matter 
what --had  to  be  well  paid  for,  and  in  cash, 
that  the  people  of  this  province  might  be  kept 
in  good  humor.  For  this  reason,  up  to  the  5th, 
I  laid  in  on  board  our  batteaux  a  good  stock  of 
cold  meats  and  other  ship  provisions  —  so  that 
the  Germans,  at  least,  might  not  want, 

5th.  An  hour  before  daybreak,  I  started  again, 
and  arrived  at  3  P.  M.,  at  the  English  camp  at 
Chambly.  All  the  artillery  of  the  army  in 
Canada  is  under  the  command  of  Maj.  Gen. 
Phillips  ;  consequently,  I,  too,  together  with  rny 

*For  a  sketch  of  St.  Leger,  and  the  2  Lord  George  Germain,  in  a  letter  to 
chief  personages  mentioned  in  the  your-  Carleton,  dated  at  Whitehall,  2.6  March, 
nalj  see  "  Sir  John  Johnson'i  Orderly  1777,  directs  that  342  Hanau-Chasseurs 
Book."  be  put  under  St.  Leger  for  his  expedition 

against  Fort  Stanwix. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  67 

company,  belong  here  in  the  same  camp.  Ac 
cordingly,  I  sent  forward  the  cannonier,  Engel 
hard,  with  the  letter  I  had  with  me,  to  our 
former  colonel  (now  Brigadier  General)  who, 
with  my  cannonier,  was  to  provide  us  with 
quarters  in  the  camp  already  laid  out. 

As  we  had  arrived  here  without  suitable  con 
veniences  for  encamping-- everything  of  this 
nature  being  still  on  board  the  ship --Col.  von 
Gall  lent  us  thirty  tents  for  the  privates  and  sub 
alterns.  I  also  received  from  Major  Williams 
.(commanding  in  the  absence  of  Gen.  Phillips) 
two  new  and  very  serviceable  tents,  together 
with  all  their  paraphanalia,  for  the  use  of  the 
officers;  also,  fourteen  new  field  kettles  of  white 
tin.  In  fact,  respect  and  friendship  are  shown  to 
us  all  down  even  to  the  humblest  man  —  a  circum 
stance  which  I  never  imagined  would  be  the 
case.  With  the  exception  of  not  understanding 
the  language,  |  we  get  on  nicely]  ;  but  by  reason 
of  this  circumstance,  we  are  among  this  people 
like  a  Pelican  in  the  wilderness.1 

6th.  I  was  unable,  until  today,  to  see  Colonel 
and  Brigadier  General  von  Gall,  as,  before  my 
arrival  yesterday,  he  marched,  with  his  Regi 
ment,  from  La  Prairie  toward  St.  Johns,  at 
which  place  he  is  to  encamp.  It  is  said  that  the 
Rebels  show  a  disposition  to  move  towards  that 

1  Psalm  loz  :   7. 


68  PAUSCIfS  JOURNAL. 

Post.  Almost  the  entire  head-quarters  of  the 
army  were  here  yesterday  and  again  today  ;  and 
since  yesterday,  the  Regiments  in  this  vicinity 
have  moved  up  the  river  near  Chambly  and  are 
concentrating.  I  have  just  this  moment  received 
orders  to  do  guard  duty  alternately  with  the 
English  artillery. 

yth.  My  officers  and  myself  today  were  in 
vited  to  dine  with  Lieut.  Gen.  Carleton, 

8th.  This  afternoon,  I  received  orders  to  send 
forward  two  detachments  —  each  with  an  offi 
cer —  one  to  serve  four  6  pounders  at  St.  Johns 
with  our  Brunswick  Grenadier  Battalion — the 
other  to  serve  four  6  pounders  with  the  Regi 
ment  von  Riedesel.  One  marched  at  7  o'clock, 
the  other  at  9  o'clock,  to  their  destination. 
Lieutenant  Bach  goes  to  the  Grenadier  Battalion, 
and  Spangenburg  to  Gen.  Riedesel  at  La  Prairie. 
I,  alone,  with  one  third  of  the  Company,  remain 
in  camp  near  Chambly. 

DETAIL. 

The  Hesse- Hanau  Artillery  Company  are 
divided  among  the  army  in  the  following  man 
ner  : 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


69 


OH! 


&.  E 


E  M  5  ; 


cS     C  ^ 

'£    c  J  'S  g 

2    o  E  J3  o 

SP  «  o  •  SP 


/« 

at  Chambly 
Three  Rivers 
La  Prairie 
St.  Johns 
Total 


5 

I 

2 

36 

6 

5i 

I 

2 

I 

10 

I 

I 

2 

2 

I 

6 

2? 

I 

2 

22 

25 

I 

2 

22 

25 

I 

I 

2 

II 

1 

3 

90 

I 

I 

2 

2 

I  12 

120 

We  are  all  well  except  a  Cannonier  who  is 
sick  with  the  scurvy  at  Three  Rivers.  His 
name  is  Pulffer  ;  and  he  is  now  in  a  fair  way  of 
recovery. 

ADDENDA. 

8th.  The  Regiments  are  gradually  drawing 
nearer  together;  and  some  of  them  are  advancing 
closer  to  St.  Johns.  Those  of  the  boats  which 
are  completed  and  were  on  the  river  have  mostly 
been  transported  toward  Lake  Champlain,  which 
Lake  is  still  in  possession  of  both  parties.  We 
have  two  frigates  on  the  Lake ;  and  from  all  ap 
pearances,  there  will  be  a  demonstration  against 
it2  without  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  the  two 
thousand  Brunswick  troops,  which  left  at  the 


1  Or  literally,  "  Artillery  Servants.' 


r.  e.  For  its  possession. 


70  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

same  time  as  I  did,  and  are  destined  to  act  with 
us.  The  Rebels  are  said  to  be  strongly  en 
trenched  on  the  other  side  [end]  of  the  Lake 
among  the  mountains,  and  from  600  to  1000 
Savages  are  said  to  form  the  attacking  force  of 
the  right  wing.  We  are  all  on  foot  ;  and  I  am 
sorry  to  say  that  I,  also,  am  in  the  same  fix.  We 
cannot  get  a  two  wheeled  calash1  —  for  which, 
too,  we  have  to  pay  one  shilling  an  hour  —  with 
out  trouble  and  asking  permission  of  one  or 
another  general.  We  even  have  to  pay  out  of 
our  own  pocket,  the  above  price  per  hour  for 
the  small  carts  of  the  peasants  on  which  to  trans 
port  the  Company's  baggage,  clothing  and  other 
necessary  articles.  This  expense "  I  hope  his 
Majesty,  the  King,  will  most  graciously  consent 
to  make  up  to  our  Company ;  for  we  cannot,  as 


1  "The  Calash,"  says  Weld,  writing  of  with  brass   nail;,    and  to    particular  parts 

his    travels    in    Canada    in  1795,    "is  a  of  it  are  attached    small  bells,  of  no  use 

carriage    very    generally    used   in    Lower  that    I  could  ever   discern  but   to  annoy 

Canada  j   there  is    scarcely    a  farmer    in-  the  passengers. 

deed  in  the  country  who  does  not  possess  Mrs.  Riedesel,  also,  speaking  of  riding 

one  :   it    is    a    sort    of   one    horse     shay,  in  a  calash,  gives  her  amusing  experience 

capable  of  holding  two  people  besides  the  with  the  driver  of  one  of  them       "  The 

driver,  who  sits  on  a  kind  of  box  placed  Canadians    arc    c  verlastingly    talking    to 

on  the  foot-board  expressly  for  his  accom-  their    horses,    and  giving    them   all  kinds 

modation.      The    body   of  the    calash  is  of  names.      Thus,   when    they   were  not 

hung  upon  broad  straps  of  leather,  round  either    lashing    tiieir    horses  or    singing, 

iron    rollers    that    are    placed  behind,    by  they  cried,    '  AlLns    man    Prince!     Pour 

means  of   which  they    are   shortened    or  mon    General !  '    ofrener    however,     they 

lengthened.       On   each   side  of  the    car-  said,    *  Ft,    done,  JM..damc  !  '     I    thought 

riage  is  a  little  door  about  two  feet  high,  that   this    last    wat>  unsigned   for  me,  and 

whereby    you  enter    it,     and     which     is  asked    '  Plalt-il  ?  '      l  Oh,'     replied     the 

useful  when  shut  in  preventing  anything  driver,  *  ce  finest  que    mon  cAcva/,   la  petite 

from  slipping  out.      The  harness  for    the  coqulne  ! '     'It  is  only  the  little  jade,  my 

horse  is  always   made    in  the    old  French  horse.'  " 
taste,    extremely    heavy  :     it    is    studded 


PJUSCH'S  JO  URN4L.  7  i 

yet,  tell  whether  our  means,  including  the  money 
for  our  rations,  will,  or  will  not  be  sufficient. 

For  these  several  reasons,  I  cannot  take  into 
consideration  those  things  which  belong  and  are 
essential  to,  position ;  nor,  can  I  form  an  idea, 
until  God  leads  me  there  on  foot,  where  we 
shall  all  meet  together  for  action.  This  state  of 
affairs  will  certainly  make  campaigns  —  such  as 
no  man,  since  the  existence  of  Hessian  troops, 
has  ever  witnessed  in  this  world  !  According  to 
an  old  history  by  a  certain  Italian  King  and 
Campaigner,  the  Hessian  troops  had,  generally, 
one  ass  for  the  baggage  of  two  officers  ;  but 
I  am  very  much  afraid  —  and  the  English 
prophesy  the  same  thing--  that  in  a  short  time, 
each  officer  will  have  to  gird  a  saddle  on  his  own 
back  and  carry  his  own  baggage!1 

9th.  This  afternoon,  Maj.  Gen.  Phillips,  chief 
of  the  entire  Royal  Artillery  in  America,  arrived 
at  Chambly  from  St.  Johns.  This  was  the  first 
opportunity  I  had  had  of  seeing  and  calling  upon 
him  ;  on  which  occasion  he  assured  me  of  his 
hearty  good  will  and  friendly  feeling  for  my 
Company.  We  remained  in  camp  in  Winter 
quarters  with  his  men  and  under  his  orders. 
Hence  we  were  never  with  the  Regiment  except 

1  Pausch,  who  seems  to  have  been  not  The  soldiers  used  to  pun  on  it  consider- 
without  humor,  may,  also,  have  had  in  ably.  This  fact  was  told  me  by  an  old 
his  mind  the  last  two  syllables  of  Gen.  officer  in  Germany  who  knew  some  of 
name  —  "  esel  "  an  "  ass." —  the  officers  who  served  under  Riedesel. 


72  PJUSCH'S  JO  URN4L. 

when  it  was  necessary.  I  ordered  Lieut.  Dufais 
to  come  at  once,  with  the  greater  part  of  his 
command,  from  Three  Rivers  to  our  Camp, 
leaving  behind  a  small  detachment  to  await  the 
arrival  of  the  vessel  containing  our  artillery. 
This  detachment  was  then  to  follow. 

Accordingly,  I  ordered  the  Lieutenant  to 
leave  the  Artillery-man  Encke  in  charge  of  the 
detachment  which  remained  behind,  on  account 
of  his  knowledge  of  the  French  language  ;  also, 
only  two  cannoniers  with  six  artillery  servants. 

This  afternoon,  at  5  o'clock,  I  practised  with 
the  English  Cannoniers  firing  with  English  can 
non,  and  in  the  English  fashion.  It  went  off 
very  well ;  and  our  firing  was  greatly  admired 
by  the  English  officers,  for,  with  the  exception  of 
practising  yesterday  afternoon  and  this  morning, 
this  was  the  only  time  we  had  yet  done  so. 
Taking  all  these  circumstances  into  account,  I 
am  led  to  prophesy  good  things  and  hope  and 
imagine  that,  so  far  as  I  and  my  Company  are 
concerned,  we  will  give  a  good  account  of  our 
selves  when  the  time  comes.  Yet  I  do  wish  most 
sincerely  that  I  had  my  own  cannons,  and  par 
ticularly  my  igniters1  and  wipers. 

22d.   From   this  time   up   to    the    22d,    I    re 
mained  here  in    camp.      We  were    supplied  the 

1  Quick  match-tubes. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  73 

same  in   every   respect   as   the   Artillery    of  the 
King,  having  fresh  meat  and  very  good  bread. 

Each  day  we  continued  our  practising  with 
English  cannon  and  in  the  English  fashion  ;  and 
my  men  being  ambitious  soon  learned  the  Eng 
lish  way  of  firing. 

The  following  order  was  received  by  me  on 
the  last  mentioned  day,  viz  :  the  22d.  It  is  from 
Maj.  Gen.  Philips,  and  it  is  dated,  Sept.  22d, 
1776. 

ORDER. 

"  Captain  Pausch  will  encamp  with  the  rest  of 
his  Company  at  the  Post  beyond  the  Brunswick 
Grenadiers  near  St.  Johns. 

"  BLOOMFIELD* 
"Major  the  Artillery  Brigade" 

25th.  This  order  was  executed  by  me  at  once 
on  the  following  day  when  I  met  [at  my  new 
post]  Lieuts.  Spangenberg  and  Bach,  with  four 
and  six  pound  cannon.  These  I  took  with  me 
into  camp  and  practised  with  my  company 
daily. 

1  Thos.  Bloomfield  wai  born  in  Kent,  took  an  active  part  in   Burgoyne's  cam- 

Eng.,  1 6  June,   1744.      Having  entered  paign  and  was  wounded  in  the  ad  Battle 

the  army,  after   first  trying  a  sailor's  life,  of  Saratoga,  Oct.  7,   1777.      He  became 

he    embarked    with     his     company    for  a  Maj.  Gen.  in  Sept.  25,  1803,  and  died 

Canada    in     the    spring    of    1776,     and  after  a  short  illness  at  Kent,  Aug.  24, 

on    his    arrival,   was   at   once    appointed  1822. 
Maj.  of  brigade  to  Gen.   Phillips.      He 


IO 


74-  PAUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

28th.  I  received  the  following  order  from 
Maj.  Gen.  Phillips,  through  the  Brigadier 
General. 

ORDER. 

"St.  Johns,  2%tA  Sept.,  1776. 

"Capt.  Michelson1  will  embark  the  Companies 
of  Maj.  Williams  and  of  Capt.  Carter,  in  the 
Radeau  with  the  29th  Regiment  in  addition,  ex 
cept  the  following  numbers,  viz  : 

Subalterns  Privates 

Of  the  Co.  of  Maj.  Williams,      -     4  25 

Capt.  Carter  4  25 

Those  in  addition     -  30 

Total          8  80 

"There  must  also  embark  on  the  Radeau,  the 
Company  of  the  Hessian  Artillery  except  a  de 
tachment  of  one  Subaltern  and  thirty  men  who 
will  remain.  The  men  must  have  their  boots 
nicely  arranged  ;  and  afterwards  they  will  imme 
diately  put  their  cannon  in  position  and  exercise 
daily  in  the  mornings  and  afternoons.  They 
will,  also,  pay  the  greatest  attention,  so  as  to  ac 
quire  the  cannon  exercise  as  soon  as  possible  and 
in  the  most  perfect  manner.  The  British  and 

1  Mitchelson.  This  officer  did  not  1777.  For  sketches  of  Mitchelson,  Wil- 
livc  to  see  the  result  of  Burgoyne's  cam-  liams  and  Carter,  See  Roger's  notes  to 
paign,  as  he  died  early  the  next  year,  Hadden. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  75 

Hessian  artillery  with  the  additionals1  will  be  di 
vided  among  the  cannons  and  howitzers  except  the 
two  12  pounders  which  will  be  placed  one  on  the 
prow  and  the  other  on  the  stern.  These  latter 
will  be  served  by  the  Hessians,  and  will  be 
under  the  charge  of  Capt.  Pausch,  and  his  two 
subalterns  ;  ten  privates  to  each  cannon. 

"The  officers  for  the  Radeau2  will  be  the  fol 
lowing,  viz  :  Maj.  Williams  and  adjutant,  Capt. 
Carter,  Captains  Michelson  [Mitchelson]  and 
Hermann,  Lieutenants  Houghton3  and  Cass, 
with  the  three  newly  appointed  Lieutenants,  and 
the  subalterns  of  the 


"Also  Capt.  Pausch  and  two  of  his  subalterns 
whom  he  may  designate  for  that  purpose. 

"There  will  also  be  embarked  one  detachment 
from  the  2gth  Regiment  who  are  to  act  as 
Marines.  The  officers  should  know  that  in  the 
present  condition  of  affairs  they  should  not  en 
cumber  themselves  with  much  baggage  or  many 
'  traps.'  The  service  will  be  severe  ;  but  the 

1  The  igth  Regiment.  ful  and  effective  craft."     It  carried   300 

men. 

2  "The  Radeau  (named  'The  Thun-  3  William  Houghton  was  at  this  time 
derer')  was  an   unique  structure  which  is  6re-master,    having    been     appointed   to 
often    mentioned  in   the  naval  annals  of  that     position   the   previous  July.      Tht 
the  northern  lakes.       It  was  square  built  duties  of  this  office,    says  Gen.  Rogers, 
and  scarcely  more  than  a  raft  or  floating  was  to  attend  to  the  making  up  of  all  kinds 
battery,  but  constructed  with  great  solidity  of  ammunition  ;   whether  for  practice  or 
and  strength.       It  was  protected  only  by  service;   and  if  there  was  a  laboratory  he 
low  and  slight  bulwarks,  but  armed  with  had    charge    of  it,  and    was    accountable 
the  heaviest  ordnance  ;  and    was  a  power-  for  all  tools  and  materials  used  therein." 


7  6  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

Major  General  has  the  greatest  confidence  that 
the  Corps  will  maintain  their  honor,  and  at  the 
same  time,  the  dignity  of  their  respective  com 
mands  ;  and  that  they  will  act  with  the  greatest 
zeal  and  courage  while  in  the  service  of  His 
Majesty. 

"  BLOOMFIELD, 

"  Major  of  Brigade" 

"  Major  General  Phillips  will  issue  the  order 
designating  the  time  of  the  embarcation  :  mean 
while,  Capt.  Pausch  will  have  the  goodness  to 
give  out  provisions  for  two  days,  at  the  same  time, 
stating  what  the  men  shall  take  with  them  when 
they  embark. 

"BLOOMFIELD" 

I  carried  out  the  above  order  the  same  day, 
and,  embarking  in  small  batteaux,  reached  the 
Radeau  the  same  evening.  I  found  it  already 
crowded  with  men,  so  that  there  was  room 
for  no  more.  All  the  Englishmen,  on  account  of 
this  overcrowding  were  unpleasant  companions. 
There  was  no  room  even  for  our  baggage.  Ac 
cordingly,  I  sent  it  all  back,  the  same  evening, 
to  Montreal  in  a  wagon  accompanied  by  the  head 
hostler.  I,  also,  in  fact,  sent  all  the  hostlers  with 
the  cannonier,  Bauer,  back  to  Montreal,  with  in 
structions  to  remain  there  until  further  orders. 
As  it  rained  very  hard,  I  was  obliged  (in  order 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  77 

that  some  of  my  men  might  have  rest  and  be 
dry)  to  station  on  deck  a  strong  guard  which 
was  relieved  alternately. 

29th.  The  following  day,  an  arrangement  was 
made  by  the  Captain  in  command,  whereby  all 
those  on  duty  were  relieved  in  regular  order.  To 
facilitate  this  arrangement,  I  always  not  only 
furnished  an  officer,  but  often  took  his  place  at 
night,  in  order  that  he  might  enjoy  a  night's 
rest. 

There  being  no  wind  at  this  time,  the  Radeau 
had  to  be  drawn  ahead  by  the  men  in  this  way,  viz: 
a  heavy  anchor  was  sent  far  in  advance  in  boats 
and  lowered  into  the  Lake.  A  strong  rope  was 
then  put  through  rings  and  pullies  ;  and  thus,  the 
Radeau  was  moved  ahead.  This  worked  splen 
didly,  especially  if  the  wind  was  not  unfavorable. 
The  Radeau,  at  the  same  time,  formed  the 
headquarters  of  the  ammunition  and  provisions. 

October  ist.  I  only  remained  here  till  the  ist 
of  October,  when  I  received  the  following 
Order  from  Bloomfield  . 


ORDER 

"St.  Johns,  Oct.  ist. 

"The   Radeau  not  having   sufficient    room    to 
contain  all  the  people  that  are  on  her,  the  men 


78  PAUSCHS  JOURNAL. 

will  disembark   on  the  Isle  aux  Noix*,    and  re- 
remain  there  until  receiving  a  new  order. 

"Capt.  Michelson  [Mitchelson]  will  likewise 
encamp  with  his  detachmeut  upon  the  Isle  aux 
Noix  (during  the  time  that  the  Radeau  remains 
there)  placing  on  board  one  officer.  To  the 
Artillery  will  be  assigned  eight  batteaux  which 
will  accompany  the  Radeau  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  their  baggage.  These  batteaux  will 
each  have  a  guard  of  two  men  of  the  2qth  Regi 
ment,  and  one  Canadian  as  a  pilot.  The  De 
tachment  of  the  29th  Regiment,  acting  as 
Marines,  will  likewise  have  four  batteaux  for 
their  baggage. 

"  BLOOMFIELD." 


"The  Major  General  has  appointed  Mr.  Harow 
Superintendent  of  the  Sailors  in  the  armed  bat 
teaux  ;  and  they  will  be  under  his  command, 
and  obey  his  orders. 

"Two  batteaux,  with  the  two  cannon  and  their 
ammunition  for  the  Hessian  artillery,  will  be 
under  the  orders  of  Capt.  Pausch. 

"B." 


1  A  small   island    in   the   River  Sorel,  the  River  St.   Lawrence.     The  early  ex- 
nine  miles   from  St.    Johns.     It  is    well  plorers  found  on  the  Island  an  abundance 
fortified  and   commands    the    intercourse  of  walnuts,  hence  the  name, 
by  water    between  Lake    Champlain  and 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  79 

7th.  8th.  But  they  did  not  arrive  on  the  yth, 
baton  the  afternoon  of  the  8th.  We  were  all  in 
readiness  to  embark ;  and,  in  the  course  of  an 
hour,  Lieut.  Dufais  and  myself  started  with  two 
baggage-boats.  Before  starting  I  provided  my 
detachment  with  fourteen  day's  provisions,  con 
sisting  of  Zweibactt,  salt  meat,  etc.  I  was,  how 
ever,  obliged  to  leave  behind,  Lieut.  Bach,  3  sub 
alterns,  i  drummer,  and  22  privates,  for  nearly 
all  of  them  were  sick  with  the  dysentery. 
Lieut.  Bach,  whose  conduct  and  zeal  in  the 
service  were  of  the  right  metal,  requested  per 
mission  to  accompany  us  ;  but  I  could  not  grant 
his  request,  for  he  was  really  very  ill  with  that 
complaint,  which  fact  he  sought  to  hide  from 
me.  There  was  on  this  Island  before  we  ar 
rived,  an  English  artillery  Captain,  named  Jones, 
who  pretended  that  the  cormnand  of  the  artillery 
had  been  given  to  him.  Unfortunately,  however, 
for  his  pretensions,  at  the  time  he  said  he  bad  re 
ceived  the  command,  he  was  crossing  the  Equa 
tor  on  his  way  to  the  East  Indies.2  Lieut : 
Spangenburg  remained  behind  at  this  place  with 
a  detachment  and  baggage-boat,  to  wait  for  the 
arrival  from  St.  Johns  of  an  armed  batteau  which 
was  expected.  For  this  reason  he  was  left  be- 

1Burr»ed  or  toasted  biscuit ;  a  very  in  speaking  of  this  officer,  who  was  one 
favorite  article  of  food  with  the  Germans  of  the  most  meritorious  in  the  British 
even  at  the  present  day.  service.  Rogers,  in  his  Haddens  Journal 

thus  speaks  of  him. 

2  Pausch,  who  evidently  tries  in  general  "Thomas  Jones  entered  the  Royal 
to  be  just,  allows  his  prejudices  to  prevail  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  as  a 


8o 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


hind.  I  left  with  him  the  order,  as  soon  as 
the  batteau  arrived,  to  sail  at  once  without  delay, 
be  it  day  time  or  night  time,  and  at  any  time 
he  pleased:  also,  if  there  were  no  wind,  then 
to  row.  This  order  he  carried  out  with  the 
greatest  accuracy. 

On  the  7th  the  following  note  was  written  me 
from  St.  John's. 

"  A  batteau  with  one  piece  of  cannon  to 
gether  with  its  munitions  and  equipage,  for  the 
Hessian  Artillery,  under  the  order  of  Captain 
Pausch,  [will  be  sent  forward] 


gentleman  cadet,  March  18,  1755,  and 
was  commissioned  a  lieut.-fireworker  in 
the  Royal  Artillery  Dec.  27,  1755  i  a  2d 
lieut.  April  2,  1757;  a  ist  lieut.  Jan. 
i,  1759 ;  a  capt. -lieutenant  Oct.  23, 
1761  ;  and  a  capt.  Jan.  I,  1771.  He 
served  in  the  ist  Battalion  until  he  got 
a  company,  when  he  was  transfe^d  to 
the  4th  Battalion.  He  took  part  in  the 
siege  of  Belleisle  on  the  coast  of  France 
in  1761,  and  proceeded  with  his  battalion 
to  America  in  1773.  He  was  stationed 
n  Canada  in  1775,  so  that  he  was  in 
America  long  prior  to  the  arrival  of  the 
artillery  detachment  that  was  sent  out  in 
the  spring  of  1776.  The  artillery  present 
at  Quebec  at  the  time  of  Montgomery's 
attack,  and  during  the  subsequent  siege  of 
the  town  by  Arnold,  belonged  to  No.  3 
Company,  4th  Battalion,  but  they  were 
very  few  in  number.  They  were  under 
the  command  of  Capt.  Jones,  whose  ser 
vices  on  the  occasion  received  the  high 
est  praise.  In  the  operations  to  expel 
the  Americans  from  Canada  in  1776, 
Capt.  Jones  took  an  active  part  and  was  at 
tached  to  the  right  wing  of  the  army.  In 
the  autumn  of  that  year  he  returned  to 


England,  and  on  the  3 ist  of  the  follow 
ing  January  was  married  to  a  Miss  Ibbet- 
son,  of  Greenwich,  at  St.  James  Church, 
Piccadilly,  London.  He  returned  to 
Canada  in  the  spring  of  1777,  arriving  at 
Quebec  early  in  June  with  a  company  of 
artillery,  and  that  year  participated  in 
Burgoyne's  campaign  on  which  he  was 
attached  to  Gen.  Hamilton's  Brigade  in 
the  right  wing  of  the  army.  Lieut. 
Hadden  was  attached  to  his  company  and 
has  given  us  post  an  interesting  account 
of  the  almost  complete  annihilation  of 
Capt.  Jones'  company,  and  of  the  cap 
tain's  death  at  Freeman's  Farm,  Sept.  19. 
Stedman  in  his  'History  of  the'American 
War,'  in  speaking  of  the  artillery  in  'that 
engagement,  says, —  'The  intrepidity  of 
Capt.  Jones  of  the  British  artillery,  who 
fell  in  this  action,  was  particularly  dis 
tinguished.'  Lieut. -Col  Kingston,  Bur 
goyne's  adjutant-general,  in  testifying 
before  a  committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  speaks  of  Capt.  Jones  as  "  a 
very  gallant  man,'  and  Gens.  Burgoyne 
and  Phillips,  in  their  reports,  give  him 
conspicuous  mention." 


PJUSCH'S  JO  URNAL.  8  I 

But  this  note,  with  the  expected  batteau,  did 
not  arrive  at  the  Isle  aux  Noix  until  as  late  as  the 
roth.  Under  it,  Capt.  Jones,  commander  of  the 
artillery,  had  written  as  follows  : 

"  Mr.  Spangenburg,  Lieutenant,  will  set  off 
for  the  army  with  this  batteau  with  as  much  ex 
pedition  as  possible. 

"Given  at  the  Isle  aux  Noix,  loth  Oct.  1776,  at 
9  o'  clock  in  the  morning. 

"  Thos.  Jones,  Capt  Br.  Ar."1 

A  few  days  later,  Lieut.  Spangenburg  arrived 
at  Crown-Point,  bringing  with  him  two  of  my 
missing  batteaux  containing  equipage  and  provi 
sions,  and  also  ten  Hauau  soldiers.  The  third 
one,  commanded  by  Bombadier  Wachter,  was 
still  missing. 

The  Radeau,  under  a  favorable  wind,  made 
such  good  head-way  that  I  was  unable  to  catch 
up  with  it.2 

I  should  have  said  that  on  the  gth  I  reached 
after  dark  River  la  Cole,  where  I  met  His  Ex 
cellency,  Gen.  Burgoyne,  with  an  English 
Brigade  of  Infantry,  to  whom  I  reported  and 
also  delivered  letters. 

1  See  note  on  Thos  Jones,  ante.  once  sailed  under  a  favorable  wind,  from 

Crown-Point  to  Isle  aux  Noix  (90  miles) 
a  The  Radeau,  we  are  told  by  Hadden,     in  9  hours. 


II 


82  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

loth.  From  this  place  I  started  before  day 
break,  and  reached  the  Radeau  at  a  Point1  far 
beyond  Point  au  Feu  in  the  real  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

nth.  We  raised  our  anchor,  and,  with  favor 
able  wind,  got  very  early  under  sail.  At  5 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  we  received  orders  to 
get  in  readiness  for  an  engagement.  About  half 
after  ten,  we  heard  the  sound  of  artillery  ;  and 
soon  after,  under  a  splendid  and  auspicious  wind, 
all  the  batteaux  met  the  enemy's  ships  in  a  bay 
behind  an  island.  The  first  sight,  encountered 
by  our  advance  guard,  was  a  frigate  of  the  enemy 
stuck  fast  on  a  stone  cliff  or  island  and  abandoned  ; 
and  soon  after  we  saw  two  other  frigates  sending 
forth  a  lively  fire.  Besides  this  they  had  several 
armed  gondolas,  which,  one  after  another, 
emerged  from  a  small  bay  of  the  island  firing 
rapidly  and  effectively.  Every  once  in  a  while 
they  would  vanish  in  order  to  get  breath,  and 
again  suddenly  reappear. 

Our  attack  with  about  27  batteaux  armed  with 
24,  12,  and  6  pound  cannon  and  a  few  howitzers 
became  very  fierce  ;  and,  after  getting  to  close 
quarters,  very  animated.  But  now  our  frigates 
approached.  One  of  them,  the  "  Maria,"  having 
His  Excellency,  von  Carleton  on  board,  advanced 

1  Probably  Wind  mill  Point. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  83 

and  opened  a  lively  cannonade.  This  one  was 
replaced  by  the  frigate  "  Carleton  ;  "  and  as  she 
in  turn  retreated,  the  "  Inflexible"  took  her  place 
only  to  retreat  as  the  others  had  done.  One  of  the 
enemy's  frigates  two  of  which  were  at  echelier^  or 
rather  at  echelon,  one  behind  the  other,  began  to 
careen  over  on  one  side,  but  in  spite  of  this  con 
tinued  her  fire.  The  cannon  of  the  Rebels  were 
well  served  ;  for,  as  I  saw  afterwards,  our  ships 
were  pretty  well  mended  and  patched  up  with 
boards  and  stoppers. 

Close  to  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  this 
naval  battle  began  to  get  very  serious.  Lieut. 
Dufais  came  very  near  perishing  with  all  his 
men  ;  for  a  cannon-ball  from  the  enemy's  guns 
going  through  his  powder  magazine,  it  blew  up. 
He  kept  at  a  long  distance  to  the  right.  The 
sergeant,  who  served  the  cannon  on  my  batteau, 
was  the  first  one  who  saw  the  explosion,  and 
called  my  attention  to  it  as  I  was  taking  aim 
with  my  cannon.  At  first,  I  could  not  tell  what 
men  were  on  board ;  but  directly,  a  chest  went 
up  into  the  air,  and  after  the  smoke  had  cleared 
away,  I  recognized  the  men  by  the  cords  around 
their  hats.  Dufais's  batteau  came  back  burning ; 
and  I  hurried  toward  it  to  save,  if  possible,  the 
Lieutenant  and  his  men,  for,  as  an  additional  mis 
fortune,  the  batteau  was  full  of  water.  All  who 
could,  jumped  on  board  my  batteau,  which  being 


84.  PstUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

thus  overloaded,  came  near  sinking.1  At  this 
moment,  a  Lieutenant  of  artillery  by  the  name 
of  Smith,  carne  with  his  batteau  to  the  rescue, 
and  took  on  board  the  Lieutenant,  .Bombadier 
Engell,  and  one  cannonier.  The  remainder  of 
Dufais's  men,  viz  :  nine  cannoniers  and  nine 
sailors  remained  with  me;  and  these,  added  to 
my  own  force  of  10  cannoniers,  i  drummer,  i 
Sergeant,  i  boy  and  10  sailors --in  all  48  per 
sons —  came  near  upsetting  my  little  boat,  which 
was  so  over-loaded  that  it  could  hardly  move.  In 
what  a  predicament  was  I  ?  Every  moment  I 
was  in  danger  of  drowning  with  all  on  board, 
and  in  the  company,  too,  of  those  I  had  just 
rescued  and  who  had  been  already  half  lost !  It 
being,  by  this  time>  nearly  evening,  the  batteaux 
retired.  The  Radeau  arrived  at  dusk  because, 
although  we  had  a  favorable  wind,  it  was  light, 
and  it  made,  in  consequence,  but  little  headway. 
Any  way,  the  two  4  pounders  did  their  best,  in 
firing  at  the  frigates  of  the  enemy.  The  dis 
tance,  however,  was  too  great,  so  that  no  ball 
was  effective,  and  the  approach  of  night  pre 
vented  our  advancing  nearer.  This  night  a 
chain  was  formed  of  all  the  batteaux  ;  and  every 

1  "Of  the  Germans,"  says  Gen.  Riede-  and  bringing  it  to  the  vessel  of  Captain 

sel,  "Lieut.  Dufais  of  the  Hesse-Hanau  Ar-  Pausch.    Two  of  his  men,  however,  were 

tillery,  distinguished  himself  on  this  occa-  drowned,  and  he  barely  escaped  a  similar 

sion.      He  was  in  command  of  an  armed  fate."       In    this    connection      see    Gen. 

sloop  carrying  a  12  pounder;  and  although  Riedesel's  account  of  this   Naval    Battle, 

he  was  hard  pressed  by  the  enemy,  and  his  in  which  he  gives  full  credit  to  the  Hesse 

vessel  finally  sunk,  he  yet  fought  so  des-  Hanau  artillery, 
perately  as  to  succeed  in  saving  his  gun 


PAVSCH'S  JOURNAL.  85 

one  had  to  be  wide  awake  and  on  the  alert. 
The  Captain's  frigate,  which  had  run  aground, 
was  set  on  fire  at  dusk  by  the  orders  of  his  Excel 
lency  ;  and  her  ammunition,  blowing  up,  caused 
a  fine  fire  lasting  all  night.  Up  to  this  time, 
nothing  more  occurred;  for  the  enemy's  frigates 
remained  in  the  same  place  where  they  had 
acted  on  the  defensive.  Toward  morning,  how 
ever,  it  was  clear  that  they  had'escaped,  A  pur 
suit  was  begun  and  some  vessels  were  captured. 
Five  large  and  small  vessels,  which  had  entered 
a  bay  on  the  left  shore  were  set  on  fire  and  aban 
doned  by  the  enemy.  The  following  night,  my 
batteau,  together  with  some  other  armed  English 
batteaux,  lost  sight  of  the  fleet  on  the  Lake ;  and 
we  were  thus  forced  to  continue  rowing  by 
guess-work  the  entire  night,  that  we  might  not 
be  left  behind.  The  next  morning  at  day 
break,  we  were  lucky  enough  to  meet  a  few 
English  vessels  which  had  met  with  the  same 
experience  as  I  had.  Others  followed  in  my 
rear,  so  that  I  arrived  in  time  (ahead  of  some  and 
behind  others)  at  9  o'clock  A.  M.  at  Crown- 
Point.1 

23.   From  this  time  forth,  a  chain  was  formed 
every   night   across   the  river2  with    the  batteaux 

1  By  comparing  Pausch's  account  of  the  2  Pausch    calls    this    portion    of  Lake 

action  on  Lake  Champlain  with  that  of  Champlain  "The  River,"  as  the  Lake  nar- 

Gen.   Rogers    in  his  Sketch   of    Arnold  rows  considerably  at  this  point,  becoming 

in  his    Hadden,  the  reader  will  see    how  narrower  and  narrower  till  it  forms  Wood 

exactly  Pausch  tallies    with    Rogers.      In  creek.      The  chain  extended   across  from 

fact,  these  two  accounts    of  this  famous  Crown    Point  to  Chimney  Point  almost 

action  must  ever,  henceforth,  remain  as  directly  opposite  on  the  Vermont  shore. 
the  authorities  on  this  subject. 


86  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

from  which  some  thirty  were  detached  for  this 
purpose.  Between  10  and  n  o'clock  in  the 
forenoon  the  men  would  row  to  each  shore 
where  they  cooked  and  ate  —  returning  before 
sunset  to  their  respective  positions  and  casting 
anchor. 

On  the  i  Qth  Inst.  Gen.  Phillips  sent  me,  by  an 
officer,  the  following  order  . 

"Crown-Point,  \%th  Oct.,  1776. 
"  MONSIEUR  : 

"  Maj.  Gen.  Phillips  directs  me,  on  his  behalf, 
to  signify  to  you  his  entire  approbation  of  the 
brave  conduct  of  Lieut.  Dufais  and  the  subalterns 
and  soldiers  of  the  Hessian  Artillery  who  took 
part  in  the  attack  upon  the  Rebel  fleet,  the  i  ith 
of  this  month,  under  your  orders.  He  begs  you 
to  accept  his  good  wishes  and  his  best  acknow 
ledgments  ;  and  that  you  will  be  assured  that  he 
will  always  remember  it. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  be  very  sincerely,  Mon 
sieur,  your  very  humble  and  very  obedient  servant. 

"  THOS.  BLOOMFIELD," 
"  Major  of  Brigade" 

66  To  Captain  Pausch." 

Meanwhile,  there  was  no  scarcity  of  provi 
sions.  Each  man  received  plenty  of  salt  meat. 
Ziveibacb,  and  Rum*  They  made  acquaintances 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  87 

among  the  Indians,  and  traded  with,  and  bought 
of  them  fresh  mutton  and  beef.  So  that  the 
officers  and  privates  lacked  for  nothing  —  that  is, 
if  we  except  the  former  who  were  partly  in  need 
of  tea  and  coffee,  wine  and  other  drinkables. 

During  our  last  engagement,  Lieut.  Dufais 
lost  one  cannonier  named  Rosemer  who  was  shot 
dead,  and  the  drummer,  Pillant,  and  the  pilot, 
who  were  burned  up.  A  sailor,  also,  lost  his  leg 
by  the  same  ball  that  killed  the  cannonier,  and 
which  dug  a  hole  under  the  gun-carriage  three 
inches  above  water-mark.  During  this  time,  all 
ate  and  drank  rum  and  water  together  —  officers 
as  well  as  men  ;  and  for  a  change,  water  and 
rum  !  Salt  meat  and  Z'weibacb^  continued  to  be 
our  food. 

24th.  In  accordance  with  an  oral  order,  I  disem 
barked  my  men  and  encamped  near  the  left  wing 
of  the  aQth  English  Regiment,  by  this  means  re 
lieving  an  English  officer  with  his  detachment,  of 
whose  cannon,  with  their  necessary  equipments,  I 
took  charge. 

a/th,  28th.  I  also  received  the  following 
order  from  Gen.  Phillips  : 

"  Crown-Point,  Oct.  zftth,  1776. 
"  Capt.  Pausch,  with  the  detachment  of  Artil 
lery  under  his  command,  will  break  camp  to-mor 
row  morning  and  embark  his  company  upon  the 
four  batteaux  destined  to  join  those  now  upon  the 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

River.1  They  will  descend  the  Lake  as  far  as 
the  Isle  aux  Noix,  where  he  will  take  the  de 
tachment  of  his  company  (the  same  as  those  at 
St.  John's)  and  will  return  to  Longville  [Lon- 
gueil]  which  place  he  will  make  his  quarters  until 
new  orders  reach  him  to  take  up  his  winter- 
quarters  at  Montreal. 

"  BLOOMFIELD." 

28th.  After  9  A.  M.,  I  embarked  in  the  above 
mentioned  batteaux  on  my  return,  and  arrived 
the  third  day -- traveling  all  this  time  alone- 
at  the  Isle  aux  Noix.  I  was  alone  as  the  wind 
and  weather,  generally,  had  separated  me  from 
the  other  batteaux.  Three  nights  I  spent  on 
small  Islands  and  reefs,  where  the  wind  and 
waves  had  cast  me;  continually  in  the  open  air 
and  near  the  fires  which  we  had  built.  On  the 
third  day  (as  I  have  said),  I  arrived,  under  a  most 
favorable  but  high  wind,  at  the  Isle  aux  Noix  - 
only  an  hour  after  Lieutenants  Dufais  and  Span- 
genburg.  Here  I  gathered  up  all  that  were 
left --those  who  had  not  died  or  who  were  not 
in  the  hospital --in  six  batteaux,  and,  the  same 
day,  reached  the  camp  near  St.  Johns.  I  was 
determined  to  make  this  voyage  while  the  wind 
was  favorable. 

3ist.   For   want  of  carts,  I   was  obliged  to  re 
main  till  towards  noon.     Finally,  by  dint  of  hard 

1  See  previous  note. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  89 

work^  and  with  the  assistance  of  Maj.  Barness 
(commander  of  the  Brunswick  Battalion  of  Chas 
seurs)  I  procured  them,  and  reached  La  Savanne1 
after  dark,  over  a  wretched  and  nearly  impassa 
ble  road.  Here  we  found  some  houses  in  which 
we  took  up  our  quarters. 

Nov.  ist.  I  arrived  at  Longueil  by  way  of 
La  Prairie.  I  occupied  at  this  place  good 
quarters ;  and,  on  my  giving  a  receipt,  I  re 
ceived  from  a  Captain  of  the  Militia  residing 
here  fresh  bread  and  fresh  meat  for  the  first  time, 
except  when  at  Crown-Point,  where  I  had  re 
ceived  the  same  for  a  few  days  for  my  command. 
The  same  day,  I  traveled  with  Lieut,  Sartorius 
to  Montreal.  I  met  the  latter  at  La  Prairie, 
having  had  occasion  to  call  upon  him  in  refer 
ence  to  procuring  money  for  the  payment  and 
transportation  of  the  troops. 

Here  I  met  Col.  Leutz,  Capt.  von  German, 
Capt.  von  Geismar,  and'  von  Schoel  (a  convales 
cent)  and  Lieut,  von  Boetzig,  who  had  been 
ordered  to  this  place.  All  of  these  gentlemen 
started,  with  the  baggage  left  at  Montreal,  a  few 
days  later,  for  Berthier,  where  the  Regiment  had 
already  gone  into  Winter-quarters. 

1  La   Savanne    does    not   apply  to   any  sent  day,  supplied  with  the  best  of   hay." 

town    (as    might    be    inferred    from    the  Letter  from  Mrs.  L.    jf.  A..  Papineau  of 

text,)  but  means  a  low,  swampy  district.  Monte   Bella,    Canada    to    the    translator. 

Such  as  lies  between  La     Prairie,  Lon-  Riedesel  dated  several  of  his  letters  to  his 

gueil,    Chambly,    and    St.    Johns  ;  from  wife  from  this  district, 
which  low  land   Montreal  is,  at  the  pre- 


12 


go  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

yth.  This  evening,  I  received  by  an  officer 
sent  expressly,  the  following  order  from  General 
Phillips  : 

"  St.  Johns,  yth  Nov.,  1776. 

"Captain  Pausch,  with  the  company  of  Hes 
sian  Artillery,  will  proceed  to  the  fields  at  Point 
aux  Tremble,  where  he  will  encamp  until  the 
barracks  at  Montreal  are  in  a  condition  to  receive 
it.  He  will  take  his  orders  from  Brigadier 
Gall  regarding  the  workings  of  his  Brigade, 
which  will  be  attached  to  his  [Pausch  :]  Com 
pany  during  the  winter,  in  order  that  all  may  be 
collected  together ;  and  that  there  may  be  no 
farther  change  in  the  orders  upon  this  subject. 

"BLOOMFIELD,  Maj  of  Brigade. 

"N.  B.  Point  aux  Tremble  is  situated  in  the 
Island  of  Montreal  almost  opposite  Longueil." 

Early  the  next  morning  I  ordered  the  general 
reveille  to  be  beaten :  and  half  an  hour  later 
we  started.  Lieut.  Spangenburg,  Tour,  and 
Schutzen  I  dispatched  [in  advance]  at  6  in  the 
morning  to  the  Quarter  Master  General  (Capt. 
Money)  at  Montreal,  with  orders  to  provide 
quarters.  As  I  was  on  the  point  of  starting  with 
the  company,  I  received  from  the  Quarter- 
Master  General  the  following  letter  : 

"  Montreal  %th  Nov.,  1776. 
"SiR  : 
"I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  the  bar- 


P4USCWS  JOURNAL.  gi 

racks  will  be  ready  next  Sunday  ;  and,  if  you 
judge  best,  your  company  can  start  Sunday  at 
whatever  hour  you  please  ;  or  if  you  prefer  to 
start  to  morrow  and  march  to  Point  aux  "Tremble, 
you  shall  have  the  necessary  batteaux  and  carts. 

"Yours, 

"J.  Money?      . 

"D.  %  M.  Genr 

9th.  This  news  obliged  me  to  return  the  fol 
lowing  morning  and  reoccupy  my  old  quarters. 

8th.  On  the  8th,  the  lost  gunner,  Woehler, 
with  five  more  cannoniers  and  the  servant  of 
Lieut.  Spangenburg,  made  his  appearance. 

On  the  6th,  Cannonier  Scibold  died  of  dys 
entery  on  a  small  Island  (the  name  of  which  I 
do  not  know)  and  was  buried  there.  I  quest 
ioned  Bombadier  Woehler  why  it  was  that  he 
had  been  so  long  absent  ?  He  stated,  that  after 
loosing  us,  he  had  drifted  about  on  the  Lake- 
the  waves  casting  him  first  on  one  island  and 
then  on  another — until,  finally,  when  he  had 
about  given  up,  he  fell  in  with  some  Canadian 

1  John  Money,  we  are  informed  by  Dep.  Quarter-Master  Gen.  After  being 
Rogers  in  his  Hadden,  was  born  in  precipitated  from  a  balloon  into  the  sea 
Norwich  Eng.,  about  1740.  He  ac-  and  being  nearly  drowned,  and  passing 
companied  his  regiment  to  Canada  in  the  through  many  other  adventures,  he  died 
spring  of  1776,  and  as  we  see  by  the  at  his  seat  near  Norwich  called  Crown- 
text,  took  pirt  in  the  operations  against  Point,  (Did  he  name  the  place  to  re- 
the  Americans  that  year  under  Gen.  mind  him  of  his  American  Campaign?) 
Carleton.  The  next  year  he  accom-  26  Mar.  1817.  He  became  a  full  Gene- 
panied  Burgoyne  on  his  expedition  as  ral,  June  4,  1814. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

batteaux  and  canoes,  by  the  aid  of  which  he 
succeeded  in  reaching  the  Isle  aux  Noix.  Thence 
he  traveled  to  St.  John's  by  water,  and  from 
there  overland,  he  reached  Longueil.  Here  he 
found  my  order  and  procured  a  cart.  I  rejoiced 
from  the  bottom  of  my  heart  to  have  these  poor 
devils  back  again.  During  all  this  time,  they 
had  met  with  nothing  but  misfortune ;  and, 
indeed,  I  had  given  them  up  for  lost.  Fortuna 
tely,  they  had  with  them  the  provisions  in 
tended  for  Lieut.  Spangenburg's  detachment 
(except  the  rum) ;  and  thus,  being  not  in  danger 
of  starvation,  were  enabled  to  sustain  life  for  a 
time.  Lieut.  Spangenburg  and  his  men  were 
provided  for  by  us.  My  company  had  allotted  to 
it  six  large  rooms  in  the  barracks  with  fire 
places  ;  and  to  my  subalterns  were  given  two 
rooms.  All  Captains  of  Artillery,  including 
myself,  are  billeted  in  the  city.  Each  room, 
occupied  by  my  men,  contains  ten  beds --every 
bed  holding  two  persons.  Every  Saturday,  wood, 
coal,  and  lights  are  distributed  among  them  from 
the  magazine;  and,  on  every  eighth  day,  provi 
sions  are  dealt  out  to  them  fairly  and  equitably. 
Nearly  all  the  winter  they  were  furnished  with 
fresh  meat  and  very  good  bread.  Each  man, 
with  the  exception  of  those  who  are  sick,  draws 
salt  beef  and  pork,  and  very  good  butter.  The 
latter  article  is  served  out  at  the  rate  of  one 
pound  per  man  for  eight  days ;  and  every  time 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  93 

that  salt  meat  is  given  out,  pease  and  oat-meal 
are  also  furnished.  For  all  this,  the  company 
have  to  thank  solely  the  kind  care  of  Gen. 
Phillips,  who  is  just  as  solicitous  concerning  our 
rations  and  treatment  as  if  they  were  the  Royal 
Artillery  --  composed  of  his  own  men.  Imme 
diately  upon  going  into  our  winter-quarters,1  the 
entire  company,  by  order  of  the  General,  were 
furnished  with  the  following  articles  of  winter 
clothing.  Each  man  then,  received  the  following 
articles,  viz  : 

One  pair  of  long  blue  cloth  over-alls  such  as 
are  worn  by  sailors,  which  come  high  up  above 
the  hips  and  way  down  to  the  shoes.  These  are 
fastened  under  the  feet  with  a  leather  strap,  and 
have  five  buttons  on  the  outside  of  each  leg  and 

1  The  winter-quarters  of  the  Germans  nearest  parishes  on  the  other  side  of  the 
were  in  and  around  Three  Rivers,  as  far  St.  Lawrence.  The  regiment  of  Hesse- 
down  as  Chambly,  on  the  western  side  Hanau  was  removed  to  the  parishes  of 
of  Lake  St.  Pierre,  and  between  the  St.  Berthier  and  Masquinonge.  It,  also, 
Lawrence  and  the  Richelieu.  The  more  sent  out  detachments  to  occupy  St 
special  divisions  were  as  follows :  The  Francois  and  Sorel.  The  regiment  of 
regiment  of  Specht  as  far  down  as  Cham-  Prince  Frederick  occupied  the  parishes  of 
plain,  near  Three  Rivers,  and  the  place  Riviere-du-Loup,  and  Machiche.  The 
called  Batiscamp  j  the  regiment  of  Rhetz  grenadier  battalion  was  quartered  in  St- 
from  the  last  named  place  to  Fort  St.  Charles,  St.  Denis,  and  St.  Tours. 
Anna.  These  regiments  sent  off  detach-  Earner's  light  infantry  was  sent  to  Bulo- 
ments  to  the  parishes  south  of  the  St.  ville  and  Chambly,  where  it  was  joined 
Lawrence.  The  dragoons  and  regiments  by  the  company  of  sharp-shooters.  The 
of  Riedesel  were  quartered  in  Three  artillery  of  Hanau  was  quartered  in  Mon- 
Rivers.  Two  squadrons  of  the  former,  treal.  The  amount  of  territory  occupied 
and  three  companies  of  the  latter,  had  the  as  winter-quarters  by  the  German  troops 
town  assigned  to  them.  The  two  other  was  much  too  large  for  the  number  of 
squadrons  were  transferred  to  Cape-de-la-  men.  Those  of  the  Brunswickers,  for 
Madelain,  the  two  other  companies  to  instance  (only  2,2,82  in  all),  occupied  a 
Point-du-Lac.  The  regiments  were  front  of  no  less  than  thirty-three  German 
also  obliged  to  send  detachments  to  the  miles. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

extend  about  a  quarter  the  way  up  from  the 
ankle,  also  : 

One  large  blue  woolen  cap. 

One  pair  of  blue  mittens  lined  with  corduroy 
material. 

One  capacious  under-jacket,  the  sleeves  being 
made  of  strong  white  corduroy.  One  Cana 
dian  over-coat  with  a  cape  and  facing  of  white 
sheeps  wool,  and  bound  with  a  light  blue  braid. 
The  cape  itself  is  made  out  of  a  whitish  gray 
cloth1  a  kind  of  melton.  It  is  bound  with  light 
blue  woolen  ribbon,  and  in  three  places  extend 
ing  down  in  front  to  the  waist  it  is  fastened 
with  rosettes  —  these  latter  being  made  out  of 
this  same  blue  ribbon.  This  garment  is  called 
throughout  all  Canada  a  capot. 

For  this  entire  outfit  the  following  sums  were 
deducted  from  each  man  of  the  company. 

In  September  a.  p.  5  shillings  no   Pence 

"  October  5 

"  November  5 

"  December  5 

"  January  5 

"  February  5 

"  March  '  3          '•       9 

Total  33  shillings  9  Pence 

1  The    word  which  I  have    translated     the  color  of  a  cloth  when  we  say  "pepper 
"  whitish  gray,"    conveys  to    a  German     and  salt." 
exactly  what    we    mean,    in   speaking  of 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

This  was  the  cost  including  the  making. 

Each  of  these  suits  costs  about  3  shillings  less 
than  those  furnished  to  the  English  artillery ; 
and  for  the  reason,  that  I,  myself,  saw  to  the 
making  of  them  up  even  to  the  smallest  detail  — 
had  it  all  done,  too,  in  Montreal,  and  made  all 
the  bargains  myself.  There  was  another  reason, 
viz  :  Among  the  English  artillerists  are  the 
tallest,  strongest,  and  handsomest  men  in  the 
world.  Consequently,  it  required  more  material 
of  each  kind,  than  it  did  for  my  men. 

The  blue  cloth  and  the  corduroy  are  already 
on  hand ;  for  as  I  was  too  far  away  from  Mon 
treal  to  attend  to  the  purchase  myself,  I  had  it 
bought  in  that  town  at  the  same  time  as  was  that 
of  the  English  artillery  which  has  just  returned 
from  St.  Johns.  Immediately  upon  receiving  it 
I  paid  the  commissary  for  it  in  cash,  taking  his 
receipt. 

These  outfits  —  so  necessary  in  this  part  of  the 
world  —  are  of  great  service  to  my  men,  espe 
cially  those  who  are  sick.  Of  the  latter,  there  are 
over  thirty  who  are  suffering  from  a  kind  of 
scorbutic  itch. 

Indeed,  I  have  been,  from  the  start,  the  most 
miserable  and  unfortunate  of  all  the  commanders 
of  the  German  Companies.  Each  of  my  men 
who  was  sent  to  the  Hospital  was  not  only 


96  PJUSCIfS  JOURNAL. 

afflicted  with  dysentery,  but,  as  the  hospital  doc 
tors  told  me,  talked  day  and  night  of  fathers, 
mothers,  brothers,  sisters,  cousins,  and  aunts  — 
besides,  also,  talking  over  and  repeating  all  kinds 
of  German  village  deviltry  —  calling  now  this 
one,  and  now  that  one  by  his  baptismal  name 
until  they  had  to  stop  for  actual  want  of  breath ! 
For  this  disease  there  is,  as  is  well  known,  but 
one  remedy  in  the  world,  viz  :  dear  peace,  and  a 
speedy  return  ;  and  with  this  hope  I  comfort  my 
sick  daily.  With  those  still  alive  and  well,  I  am 
perfectly  satisfied  ;  for  they  find  plenty  of  solace 
in  the  Canadian  girls  and  women.  For  this  rea 
son,  and  in  their  companionship  they  are  happy 
and  contented. 

After  making  the  necessary  arrangements  for 
the  preservation  and  quiet  of  the  sick,  I  asked 
the  General  for  an  order  to  enable  me  to  bring 
my  cannon,  carts,  harnesses,  &c.,  from  the  River 
Sorel  to  Montreal.  This  I  did  that  I  might 
ascertain  how  many  were  left,  and  in  what  con 
dition  every  thing  was  —  so  as  to  be  prepared  for 
actual  service. 

1 6th  to  the  29th.  I  made  this  request  in  writ 
ing  and  in  the  French  language  ;  and,  on  the 
agth,  received  the  necessary  order  enabling  me 
to  carry  out  my  purpose. 

The  river  was  still  open  ;  and  accordingly  I 
embarked  in  four  batteaux,  taking  with  me 


P4USCWS  JOURNAL.  97 

Lieut.  Spangenburg,  the  servants  of  the  company 
and  all  the  men  necessary.  The  same  day  we 
reached  Point  aux  Tremble--  distant  from  here 
two  and  one-half  leagues. 

3Oth.  I  remained  over  night  at  La  Valerie, 
where  I  met  Capt.  Schoell  who,  with  his  com 
pany,  were  quartered  in  this  Parish. 

Dec.  2d.  3d.  I  reached  Berthier,  the  head-quart 
ers  of  Col.  von  Gall,  and,  under  the  supervision 
of  Lieut.  Spangenburg  and  wagon-master  Zick- 
lamrn.  I  had  everything  transferred  from  the 
transports  to  ten  batteaux,  and  had  them  taken 
to  Berthier  by  way  of  the  River  Sorell  and  across 
Lake  St.  Pierre.  I  also  arranged  everything 
with  Lieut.  Sartorius  regarding  the  balance  of 
the  pay  due  us  from  November. 

4th.  I  had  the  freight  of  the  batteaux  equal 
ized  ;  and,'  with  the  consent  of  Brig.  Gen.  von 
Gall,  had  given  orders  to  start  the  next  day  at 
sunrise,  when,  toward  9  o'clock,  the  same 
evening,  I  received  another  order  from  him  di 
recting  that  everything  should  remain  in  statu 
quo,  as  he  hoped  that  my  company,  also,  would 
go  into  winter-quarters  at  Berthier  on  the  Isle 
au 


1  Evidently  some    mistake    in  spelling     nection,    hie  au  Bas   has  no  meaning  in 
on  the  part  of  the  writer,  as,  in  this  con-     French. 


9 8  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

5th.  Consequently,  I  had  everything  taken 
from  the  batteaux,  re-landed,  and  collected  to 
gether  near  head-quarters.  Those  articles  which 
required  to  be  covered  I  stored  in  barns. 

6th.  I  sent  my  men  on  batteaux  to  La  Valen 
tine,  at  which  place  they  remained  over  the 
night. 

8th  and  gth.  Late  in  the  night  I  returned  to 
Montreal.  I  had  not  strictly  carried  out  the 
order  of  the  General  to^whose  Brigade  I  really 
belonged,  and,  indeed,  still  belong  ;  and  I  thus, 
innocently,  met  an  offended  gentleman  and  sour 
faces.  I  explained  to  him,  as  well  as  I  could, 
that  not  only  my  Instructions  but  my  letter  di 
rected  me  to  place  myself  under  the  orders  of 
Brigadier  von  Gall.  Upon  this  statement,  Gen. 
Phillips  immediately  wrote  to  Gen.  Carleton, 
the  commander-in-chief  at  Quebec.  As  a  result 
of  my  letter  it  was  decided  that  the  Hessian 
Company  of  Artillery  should  go  into  winter- 
quarters  with  the  English  in  the  same  barracks 
and  there  remain* 

Jan.  22d,  1777.'  Our  cannon  and  all  the  bag 
gage  and  acoutrements  arrived  towards  evening, 
having  been  transported  overland  with  horses  by 

1  It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  here  draft  or  a  copy  —  to  Prince  William 
an  interruption  in  the  Journal  extending  by  every  opportunity,  it  is  natural  to  sup- 
over  forty-four  days  of  December  and  Jan-  pose  that  either  his  notes  are  lost,  never 
uary.  From  the  fact  that  it  was  the  most  having  reached  their  destination,  or  that 
leisurely  period  of  winter-quarters ;  and  they  may  be  still  extant  (but  not  yet  dis- 
also  from  the  additional  circumstance  covered)  in  Hessian  manuscript  collections 
that  Pausch  was  in  the  habit  of  trans-  public  and  private,  and  may  yet  turn  up 
mitting  his  daily  records — either  the  first  when  least  looked  for. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

the   Canadians.       They  were   brought    into    the 
Barrack-yard,  where  they  yet  remain. 

23d.  The  birth-day  of  the  Queen  was  cele 
brated  ;  and  a  salute  of  seven  cannon  was  fired 
three  times  at  the  Citadel.  My  cannon  were 
used  for  this  purpose — there  being  no  others 
here. 

The  2gth  Regiment  and  the  English  Artillery 
marched  in  front  of  the  Citadel.  The  former 
fired  three  salutes  from  their  muskets  after  every 
seventh  cannon  shot.  Each  cannon  was  charged 
with  fully  three  pounds  of  powder  —  a  charge 
which  these  cannon  had  never  before  contained. 
This,  as  I  understood  it,  was  intended  as  a  test  of 
the  strength  of  the  guns.  Since  then,  whenever 
the  weather  is  favorable,  I  have  the  men  drill 
daily  according  to  our  established  method. 
They  are  improving  considerably  -  -  the  greatest 
part  of  the  men  taking  interest  in  the  drill. 

I  must  say  that,  in  some  respects,  I  am  fortu 
nate  in  having  my  Quarters  in  the  barracks  at 
Montreal,  and  not  in  an  extensive  Parish  ;  since 
I  can  thus  take  care  of  the  sick  and  the  well. 
Besides  which,  having  my  men  close  together, 
I  can  easily  correct  any  thing  that  needs  a  change. 
In  the  country,  for  instance,  with  my  men  scat 
tered  singly  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  shan 
ties,  I  should  have  lost  half  of  my  young  men ; 
and  being  separated  from  the  English  Artillery, 


1OO  PJVSCffS  JOURNAL. 

they  would    not    have    received  half  of  the  care 
and  attention. 

Every  one  was  obliged  to  be  at  Parade  at  1 1 
o'clock  A.  M. —  the  English  Artillery  as  well  as 
my  own.  The  companies  formed  in  line  at  the 
barracks  and  were  taken  by  companies  to  the 
Parade  Ground.  They  were  obliged  to  run 
sometimes  for  a  half,  and  sometimes  for  a  whole 
hour. 

This  came  the  harder  on  my  men  as  they  had 
never  been  drilled  in  it  before.  However,  this 
exercise  (which  they  were  obliged  to  prac 
tice  continually)  was  very  conducive  to  their 
health.  They  had,  also,  to  dress  themselves 
properly  every  day;  to  comb  and  powder  their 
hair  :  the  more  so,  as  the  General,  himself,  in 
spected  them  man  and  man. 

March.  My  bat,1  baggage  and  forage  money 
goes  at  such  a  rate,  that  I  actually  don't 
know  where  it  goes  to.  I  had  to  furnish  each 
of  my  men  with  four  good  undershirts,  two 
new  outside  shirts,  with  two  pair  of  linen 
coverings  for  the  arms,  two  pair  of  shoes, 
and  new  stockings  for  nearly  all.  This  I  must 
do,  if  they  would  appear  properly.  Besides  this, 
I  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  my  chest  containing 
47  pairs  of  new  white  pants,  and  49  pairs  of  new 
white  leggins.  I  had  them  replaced  by  new 

1  Money  for  the  ptck-horsei. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  IOI 

ones,  and  distributed  among  the  company.  Most 
of  the  pantaloons  are  of  fine  bleached  twilling ; 
for  I  could  not  obtain  strong  linen  white  enough. 
The  leggins  cost,  each,  30  French  aunes.  About 
60  Hanau  yards  cost  16  piasters,  equal  to  44 
florins.1 

In  fact,  the  entire  outfit  costs  |  more  here 
than  in  Hanau,  when  I  can  buy  everything 
for  \  less  than  it  costs  here.  Shoes  and  leather 
are  here,  also,  excessively  dear,  as  are  all  other 
necessaries  no  matter  what  they  are.  I  had 
rather  have  a  Sccbsbatscben*  in  Hanau  (for  I  can 
do  more  with  it)  than  a  piaster  here,  which,  in 
Hanau  money,  is  2  florins  and  36  kreutzers. 

April.  All  the  officers  have  to  add  money  of 
their  own,  or  else  live  poorly.  A  bombadier, 
for  example,  has  to  pay  for  a  pair  of  boots  20 
florins ;  for  a  pair  of  leather  pants  20  florins  ; 
for  a  coat,  five  times  as  much  as  in  Hanau ; 
and  everything  else  in  the  same  proportion. 
Why,  a  bottle  of  the  poorest  red  wine  costs, 
in  our  money,  36  kreutzers,  and  a  bottle  of 
Madeira  I  piastre ! 

For  the  last  three  weeks  we  have  had  orders 
to  hold  ourselves  in  readiness  for  marching.  St. 
Johns  is  the  place  of  rendezvous ;  and  it  is  also 
the  arsenal-,  and  the  main  depot  for  our  ammuni- 

JOne  florin  —  equal  to    37  cents  or  1/g          2  A  coin  of  the  value    of  four  silver 
English  money.  groschen,   equal  in  our  money  to   twelve 

and  one-half  cents. 


102  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

tion  and  provisions.  All  our  fleet  (both  small 
and  large  vessels)  are  anchored  there.  Every 
thing,  it  seems,  is  to  be  taken  from  there  in  bat- 
teaux  to  the  Isle  -aux  Afa/x -- that  is,  after  the 
army  has  broken  up  and  left  their  winter- quar 
ters.  We  will  then  occupy  our  old  post  of  Crown- 
Point,  which  we  captured  last  year,  and  thence, 
we  will  undertake  an  expedition  against  Carillon' 
or  Ticonderoga.  It  is  rumored  that  the  enemy's 
fleet  is  at  this  place -- though  under  not  very 
auspicious  conditions.  It  is  also  said,  however, 
that  the  fort  at  Ticonderoga — so  far  as  regards 
situation,  garrison  and  cannon --is  strongly  forti 
fied. 

Regarding  the  charges  against  head-smith 
Brads  concerning  discipline,  service  and  insub 
ordination,  the  Brigadier  General  will  send  in  his 
reports  and  protocols.  I  wish  to  gracious  that  I 
had  never  seen  such  a  "  cuss ; "  also,  I  hope 
never  to  see  another  one  like  him.  I  fervently 
hope  that  he  will  sit  in  chains  in  a  London  jail — 
for  this  is  all  he  is  good  for  in  this  world. 
There  is  no  more  despicable  beast  in  this  world 
than  he.  He  respects  neither  God  nor  his 
Superiors.  This  is  the  second  time  that  he  has 
been  confined  in  jail --having  been,  now,  over 
two  months  in  Berthier  —  where  I  have  sent 


1  A  chime  of  bells.     So  named  by  the          »  The  exact  translation, 
early  French,  on  account  of  the  music  of 
the  waters. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  103 

him  to  be   tried  by  a  court-martial  of  the   Regi 
ment. 

On  the  5th  of  March,  at  7  A,  M.  I  ordered 
out  my  Company  for  inspection,  near  the 
Quebec  Gate  at  Montreal.  They  were  closely 
examined  on  this  occasion  by  the  Inspection 
Commissioners,  the  Captains  of  Artillery,  and 
by  Adj.  Gen.  Foy1 —  which  inspection  took 
about  half  an  hour.  The  latter  (Foy)  paid  me 
a  compliment  after  the  muster  —  saying  that  he 
was  greatly  pleased,  and  that  he  would  report 
the  satisfaction  he  had  experienced  to  His  Ex 
cellency,  General  Carleton.  He  left  us  the 
same  day  ;  and  a  few  days  later,  I  learned  from  a 
letter  from  the  Brigadier  General  that  he  had 
expressed  himself  to  the  same  effect  at  Berthier. 

The  Muster-Roil,  attested  by  the  Commis 
sioners  and  sworn  to,  I  immediately  sent  to 
Berthier  ;  and  I  trust  that  it  arrived  there  at  the 
same  time  as  that  of  the  Highland  Regiment. 


1  Edward  Foy  accompanied  the  Bruns-  1778  ;   and    he  died   April    27th,  of  the 

wick  troops    from  Germany  to    England,  next  year.      Foy's  wife    accompanied  the 

and  thence    to  Quebec,   where  he  arrived  Baroness     Riedesel    to    Canada     in    the 

June    1st,  1775,  having   gone  to    Canada  spring  of  1777,    when  both    ladies    went 

as  commissary  of  the  troops  there.      He  to   join  their   husbands.     The  Baroness, 

was  appointed    Dep.    Adj.    Gen.    to   the  in    her    journal,    however     (see    Stone's 

army    in    Canada    Jwie    3d,    1776,    and  Memoirs    of     Madame     Reidcsel),    gives 

Adj.  Gen.,  June  6,    1777.      Gen.    Bur-  anything   but   a  fla.t.J   g    description   of 

goyne  wished  to  have  Foy  join  him  on  his  her    traveling    companion.      For    a  more 

expedition,  but  Sir  Guy  Carleton  who  was  detailed   account  of   Foy,  see  "  Hadden's 

about  to  return  to  England  could  not  spare  Journal  "    annotated    by    Gen.     Horatio 

him.     Foy    was    appointed    Secretary  of  Rogers, 
the    Gov.    Gen.    of   Canada,  July     ist, 


104-  PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

On  the  iithof  March,  the  entire  English 
Artillery  and  also  my  company  were  reviewed  by 
His  Excellency,  Gen.  Carleton,  and  Gen.  Riedesel. 
After  the  review  and  while  yet  in  the  Parade 
ground  I  received  a  notification,  by  an  Adjutant 
of  Artillery,  that  the  General-in-Chief  was 
highly  satisfied.  Soon  after,  I  had  the  same 
sentiments  from  Gen.  Riedesel  in  an  Order  of 
Gens.  Carleton  and  Phillips  expressed  in  good 
German.  Regarding  this  Review,  instead  of 
the  so-called  Muster-Roll,  a  Report  is  attached 
and  hereby  annexed  under  L.  K. 

April.  For  tnis  campaign,  the  douceurs  for  the 
Bat -baggage1  and  forage  money,  according  to  the 
list  made  out  the  nth  of  February,  for  the  past 
year,  were  received  excepting  for  the  doctor, 
Wagon- Master  and  the  foreman  of  the  hostlers — 
of  whose  pay  (by  order  of  the  Lieut.  Gen.  and 
Col  von  Gall)  one  half  was  kept  back  —  that  is, 
6  Livres  (8  Florins  9)  total  19  Livres/  which 
was  paid  to  Lieut  Sartorius  —  and  for  which,  a 
receipt  was  taken. 

Closed  the  2oth  April,  1777. 

G.  PAUSCH. 

1/.  e.  Baggage  on  the  pack-horses.  26i.  3^.,  English  money. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  105 

Continuation    of  the    Journal  —  interrupted 
April  20th,  1777. 

28th.  After  getting  my  package  ready  to 
send,  I  heard  by  chance,  that  Gen.  Phillips  in 
tended  to  send  despatches  in  haste  to  Quebec, 
where  a  vessel  was  said  to  be  on  the  eve  of  sail 
ing  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  open  sea  for 
London.  As  I  was  anxious  to  profit  by  this 
opportunity  (for  which  I  had  so  long  waited)  to 
forward  my  Reports  and  my  Journal  with  six 
plans  besides  other  things,  I  begged,  at  the  next 
following  reception  of  said  General,  both  as  a 
particular  favor  to  myself,  and  more  yet,  as  a 
gracious  attention  towards  my  Master,  His  Serene 
Highness,  the  Prince,  that  he  would  send  my 
package  under  cover  of  his  mail  and  with  his  best 
recommendations  to  London.  To  this  request  he 
consented  without  hesitation.  Accordingly,  upon 
the  day  appointed  by  him  for  this  purpose,  I  did 
not  fail  to  hand  to  his  Secretary  my  package 
securely  sealed  ;  and  I  fervently  trust  that  it  will 
reach  the  hands  of  His  Highness  without  the 
least  delay,  and  even  quicker  and  more  securely 
than  my  former  one. 

May  1 5th.  Between  my  last  date  and  this,  I 
did  not  fail  modestly  to  present  the  following 
points  : 

H 


106  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

i  st.  I  sent  a  Report  in  regard  to  the  condi 
tion  and  real  effective  force  of  the  command 
graciously  entrusted  to  me. 

2d.  There  was  ordered  for  the  English 
artillery  long,  loose,  and  wide  linen  overalls  - 
such  as  the  Sailors  wear  —  to  be  made  in  one 
piece  from  one  end  to  the  other ;  and  to  be  of 
the  same  length  as  leggins.  They  were  mostly 
made  of  old  tents.  I  found  this  kind  of  cloth 
ing  to  be  very  well  adapted  to  this  climate  and  our 
present  situation.  They  were  particularly  con 
venient  not  only  for  marching,  but  as  a  pro 
tection  against  the  insects1  which  are  especially 
annoying  to  the  men  both  in  the  field  and  in 
the  camp.  Lieut.  Dufais  and  myself  amply 
tested  the  merits  of  this  clothing  last  year, 
while  on  our  journey  to  and  from  Three  Rivers 
and  Chambly.  As  the  Artillery  were  obliged 
to  do  duty  in  this  kind  of  uniform,  and  as  it 
made  a  good  impression  generally,  and  promoted 
harmony  when  it  was  seen  that  we  were  willing 
to  wear  them,  I  determined  to  adopt  the  dress. 
Accordingly,  as  I  had  no  old  tents  which  would 
serve  the  purpose,  I  did  not  hesitate,  but  bought, 
at  the  lowest  price,  Russian  linen  and  had  it 
made  up  into  pants.  I  intend  to  deduct  the 
actual  cost  of  this  clothing  from  the  pay  of  the 
Subalterns,  Musicians  and  Cannoniers  in  two 
payments,  and  for  this  reason,  viz :  that  the 

1  Mosquitoes  ? 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

pants  are,  like  their  winter  clothing,  an  article 
which  cannot  be  paid  for  out  of  the  fund  devoted 
to  sundry  small  prescribed  articles  of  dress, 
having  no  connection  with  them.  These  pants 
are  now  all  finished,  and  are  worn  by  the  men 
not  only  in  the  barracks,  but  when  off  duty  and 
at  drill. 

For  the  last  three  weeks  I  have  drilled  every 
morning  from  6  to  8  o'clock,  after  the  lately 
introduced  fashion  —  with  only  one  Company.  In 
the  afternoon,  two  of  my  cannon  are  served  by 
the  English,  and  two  by  men  from  my  Com 
pany  when  [ball]  cartridges  are  used.  I,  for 
one,  never  am  present  but  send  my  officers  in 
stead --for  the  reason,  that  only  an  English 
captain  is  sent  there,  and  only  an  English  officer 
commands  them  on  these  occasions. 

The  National  pride  and  arrogant  conduct  of 
these  people  allow  them  to  command  my  men, 
while  I  am  not  permitted  to  command  theirs  ! 

I  lately  requested  Gen.  Phillips  that  he  would 
furnish  rne  powder  for  my  own  drill.  This 
request  he  at  once  granted.  This  was  at  one 
o'clock.  At  three  o'clock,  it  was  counter 
manded  through  the  influence  either  of  the 
Major  or  some  one  else.  Jealousy  was  the 
cause  of  my  not  being  allowed  to  drill  sepa 
rately  any  longer  ;  and  I  was  thus  forced  to  drill 
at  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  according  to  their 
orders  and  by  their  drums,  which  my  men  do 


108  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

not  understand  at  all,  and  who,  if  I  left  them  to 
drill  alone,  would  be  totally  demoralized.  In 
fact,  the  Devil  of  Jealousy  has  been  aroused 
because  the  English  see  that  my  men  drill 
quicker  and  more  promptly,  and  because,  also, 
the  spectators  do  us  the  justice  publicly  to  ac 
knowledge  this  to  be  the  case.  Hence,  instead 
of  the  former  friendship  between  us,  there  is 
now  enmity.  They  imitate  our  Artillery  in  diff 
erent  things,  as,  for  example,  in  the  matter  of 
our  wipers  —  of  which  they  are  having  some 
made  for  their  3  and  6  pound  cannon.  Every 
day,  to  my  disgust,  I  have  to  practice  the  [lately] 
introduced  quick-step,  which  we  do  not  have, 
nor  do  they  have  it  in  Prussia  —  nay  not  in  the 
world,  except  in  the  chase,  with  fast  horses  and 
good  dogs !  This  is  a  splendid  exercise  for  the 
men  in  winter  ;  but  in  the  summer,  when  the 
weather  is  warm,  it  is  detrimental  to  the  health 
of  the  men.  It  has  no  good  result  except  to 
make  the  spectators  laugh — for  by  this  man 
oeuvre  no  closed  ranks  could  be  kept  in  an 
attack  upon  the  enemy.  In  case,  therefore,  of  a 
retreat  we  would  not  only  fare  badly,  but  would 
be  exposed  to  the  well  deserved  censures  of  the 
European  and  American  press.1 

There  is  a  daily  parade  from  10  to  12  o'clock— 
frequently   to  12:30 -- and  every   evening,    from 
5  to  7.      Every  man  in  our  service  must  turn  out 

1  The  Press  was  a  power  even  in  those  days  ! 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  109 

and  be  present.  Having  anything  but  a  full 
Company,  and  having,  at  times,  from  10  to  12 
men  sick  at  the  barracks  with  the  bad,  and  in 
this  country,  the  ever  prevalent  diarrhea,  I  send 
two  officers.  The  General  daily  assumes  more 
and  more  authority-- encroaching  more  and 
more  upon  our  jurisdiction. 

The  head-smith,  Brads,  was  sentenced  by 
Court  Martial  to  two  months  imprisonment 
on  bread  and  water  as  a  punishment  for  his 
wickedness  and  excesses.  This  will  be  fully 
shown  by  the  documents  which  will  be  sub 
mitted  by  Brig.  Gen.  and  Col.  von  Gall.  A  few 
days  after  the  sentence,  his  fascinating  daughter 
called  on  the  General,  and  his  wife  on  the 
Major.  As  the  result,  I  immediately  received 
an  order,  through  Lieut.  Dufais  whom  the 
Major  met,  at  once  to  liberate  the  head-smith, 
Brads.  I  immediately  obeyed  this  order,  but,  at 
the  same  time,  reported  the  fact  to  Brig.  Gen. 
von  Gall,  Thus  both  his  authority  and  mine 
were  at  once  overthrown,  over  which  circum 
stance  the  English  and  Brads,  himself,  crowed 
loudly.  It  was  pretended  by  the  latter  [Y.  e.  the 
English]  that  the  work  of  the  blacksmith  was 
needed  ;  but  this  was  only  a  pretext,  for,  from 
the  beginning,  I  had  substituted  Cannonier 
Walter,  a  thoroughly  good  mechanic.  The 
King's  work,  therefore,  would  not  have  suffered  ; 
for  two  blacksmiths  are  all  that  are  required. 


HO  PjfVSCH>&  JOURNAL. 

That  number    is    all   that  is  allowed   me  ;  con 
sequently,  I  have  no  right  to  have  more. 

Brads  states  in  public  that  being,  at  present,  in 
the  service  of  the  King  and  in  that  of  no  other, 
no  one  else  has  authority  over  him  ;  and  this 
statement  has,  of  course,  [as  things  are]  many 
supporters.  I  wish  I  were  entirely  rid  of  him  ; 
and  that  I  could  give  him  up  to  his  protectors ; 
for  I  fear  that  there  will  yet  be  a  terrible  scene 
with  him  the  first  time  he  transgresses,  in  the 
least,  the  rules  of  respect  and  discipline.  I  am 
sure  of  this,  for  I  know  that  certain  matters  of 
jurisdiction  are  reserved  in  the  treaty  which  was 
ratified  by  his  Majesty,  the  King. 

I  also  add  two  copies  of  a  protocul  regarding 
Cannonier  Nantz  who  is  now  in  jail  and  guarded 
by  a  watch.  An  English  officer  had  him  arrested 
and  brought  before  his  Main  Guard,  and  after 
wards  cast  him  into  prison  without  informing 
me.  He  was  afterwards  taken  from  prison  and 
brought  into  the  Guard-room,  where  the  com 
manding  officer  of  the  Guard,  by  the  name  of 
Williamson  of  the  29th  Regiment,  after  cuffing 
and  kicking  him,  sent  him  back  to  the  jail  -  -  a 
place,  where  we,  at  home,  put  only  pickpockets, 
highwaymen,  murderers  and  assassins. 

The  circumstances  of  the  case  are  as  follows  : 

Cannonier  Nantz  was  called  a  "  Dutch  bugger" 

by  a  man  wearing  an  overcoat  with  a  hood   (as 


PAUSCH'S  JO URNAL.  IIT 

all  soldiers  and  inhabitants  hereabouts  do),  and 
leading  a  girl  by  the  arm.  Expecting  anything 
but  such  an  epithet  from  a  soldier  or  even  from 
a  Canadian  peasant,  Nantz  answered.  "Tou  may 
be  an  infamous  bugger,  but  what  am  I  doing  to 
you,  you  dog,  that  you  should  call  me  a  bugger  ?" 
Suddenly,  a  glistening  bayonet  appeared  from 
under  the  cape.  Nantz,  a  good,  brave  soldier, 
and  as  decent  and  as  resolute  a  man  as  there  is  in 
the  Company --and  not  intoxicated  as  he  had 
left  his  bed  in  the  barracks  only  three-quarters 
of  an  hour  previous  --  draws  his  sabre.  Hesita 
ting,  however,  to  use  it,  he  strikes,  with  the  flat 
side  of  the  blade,  the  head  of  his  antagonist  just 
as  he  was  in  the  act  of  using  his  bayonet.  But 
the  sabre  glancing  off,  he  cuts  one  of  his  cheeks; 
whereupon  the  man  with  the  overcoat  runs  away  ! 

Nantz  quietly  pursues  his  way  to  the  barracks  ; 
but  while  in  the  act  of  passing  the  Guard,  he  is 
drawn  in,  arrested,  and  maltreated  in  the  manner 
just  mentioned.  To  his  question  "  what  crime 
he  had  committed  ?  "  he  is  told  that  he  had 
struck  this  officer.  Whereupon,  he  replied,  that 
he  had  not  known  he  was  an  officer ;  that  he 
was  heartily  sorry  for  it ;  that  he  never  supposed 
that  an  officer  would  call  him  a  "  Dutch  bugger  ;  " 
that,  as  he  had  said,  he  had  not  supposed  him  to 
be  an  officer,  but  had  taken  him  to  be  either  a  rude 
soldier  or  a  Canadian  peasant ;  and,  finally,  that 
the  Prince,  whom  he  served,  had  not  a  single 


112  PJUSCWS  JO  URNAL. 

"bugger  "  in  his  service,  but  only  brave  soldiers 
as  good  as  they  were  themselves  —  and  that  they 
all  served  the  same  King.' 

On  the  following  morning,  I  received  an  order 
to  investigate  the  case.  This  was  on  a  Monday, 
and  also  a  tea-party  day.1  I  took  with  me  my 
three  officers  as  assessors.  The  aggrieved  officer, 
who  could  only  speak  English,  came  also  accom 
panied  by  a  corporal  of  the  English  Artillery 
who  spoke  German.  I  had  the  accused  brought 
before  me  and  close-questioned  him.  Mean 
while,  the  officer  confessed  that  he  had  called 
Nantz  a  "  bugger.  "  "  Why  ?  "  was  my  question 
to  the  officer.  "  Because/'  he  replied,  "  the 
cannonier  had  looked  at  him."  "  Now/'  I 
asked  the  cannonier,  "  Why  did  you  look  at  the 
officer  ?  "  He  replied,  that  "  he  had  served  his 
Majesty,  the  King  of  Prussia,  for  eight  years,  and 
was  allowed  to  look  at  him  whenever  he  met 
him ;  and,  moreover,  he  had  never  been  re 
proved  for  so  doing  ;  that  he  and  every  one  else 
had  a  perfect  right  to  look  at  any  one  whom 
they  met  in  the  public  street." 

Perceiving,  therefore,  that  I  could  do  nothing 
in  this  matter,  and  that  the  whole  affair  would 
result  unfavorably  before  the  officers,  I  sent  him 
to  my  Guard-House. 

1  That  is,  a  reception  held  at  stated  times  by  the  Generals  and  their  wives. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


While  at  the  Court  Tea-party,  I  received  from 
Major  Gordon1  of  the  Engineer  Corps  (who,  dur 
ing  the  presence  of  Lieut.  Gen.  Carleton  was 
vice-commander)  an  order  to  deliver  the  "wretch" 
to  the  Main-Guard,  which  I  did.  A  few  hours 
afterwards,  I  received  another  order  to  take  a 
receipt  for  the  "  wretch  "  from  the  Main-guard, 
and  keep  him  until  further  directions.  Three 
weeks  went  by  without  any  further  enquiries  re 
garding  the  case. 

Meanwhile,  a  spy  enquired  of  my  officers  if 
the  cannonier  was  in  jail  or  on  duty?  I  an 
swered  that  he  was  on  duty  since  no  other  order 
had  been  received  respecting  him.  The  Gene 
ral,  also,  asked  me  in  the  drawing-room,  the 


1  Harry,  Gordon  of  Knockespock, 
in  the  parish  of  Clatt,  Aberdeenshire, 
came  from  an  old  Scotch  family,  that 
obtained  from  James  IV,  in  1508  a  grant 
of  the  barony  of  Clatt,  which  was  re 
newed  by  James  VI,  in  1604,  "to  his 
beloved  James  Gordoun  of  Knockes- 
poke."  The  early  British  Army  Lists 
do  not  mention  the  Engineer  Corps,  so  it 
is  impossible  to  state  when  Major  Gor 
don  entered  the  Royal  Engineers.  In 
the  Army  Lists  of  1756  he  is  down  as  a 
sub-engineer,  which  grade  was  equivalent 
to  *  lieutenant  of  Foot,  but  no  date  of 
commission  is  given.  He  became  an 
engineer  in  ordinary  and  captain  Jan.  4, 
17^8,  and  a  major  in  the  army  July  23, 
1772.  He  was  serving  in  Canada  in 
Sept.,  1776,  and  he  had  probably  been 
stationed  there  for  several  years  prior 
thereto.  A  letter  written  from  Quebec,  to 
be  found  in  the  London  Chronicle  for  Aug. 
7-9,  1777,  lays,  "Major  Gordon,  Chief 

15 


Engineer,  goes  home,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Capt.  Twiss  of  the  same  corps  j "  and 
the  same  paper  for  Aug.  5-7,  1777, 
under  date  of  Aug.  6,  says,  "Col.  Gor 
don,  lately  arrived  from  Quebec,  was 
presented  to  the  King  at  St.  James,  and 
had  the  honour  of  a  conference  with 
his  Majesty."  He  became  a  lieut-  col 
onel  in  the  army  Aug.  29,  1777,  and  a 
sub-director  of  engineers  and  major  in 
that  corps  Dec.  18,  1778.  His  last  pro 
motion  was  Nov.  20,  1780,  when  he 
was  made  a  colonel  commandant  of  En 
gineers,  or  simply  colonel,  as  that  grade 
afterwards  was  known,  and  hh  name 
appears  in  the  Army  Lists  for  the  last 
time  in  1787.  He  married  a  Phil 
adelphia  lady  named  Hannah  Meredith, 
by  whom  he  had  four  sens  and  two 
daughters,  and  one  of  his  sons  subse 
quently  became  a  major-general  in  the 
army.  His  descendants  still  survive. 
\Haddtn" i  Journal.] 


1 14.  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

same  question  and  received  the  same  answer. 
Finally,  he  wrote  to  the  Brigadier  General  for  the 
Judge  Advocate.  The  latter  arrived.  The 
officer  was  to  be  summoned ;  but  it  was  said  that 
he  was  sick  in  quarters  at  Longueil,  but  would 
put  .in  an  appearance  in  three  days.  But  he 
came  not.  At  length,  it  was  determined  that 
the  examination  should  begin.  I  asked  for  and 
procured  an  English  officer  who  could  speak 
German.  The  investigation  began.  It  was 
translated  into  French  and  submitted  to  the 
General  by  the  Major.  At  the  close  of  the  in 
vestigation  I  was  asked  by  the  Major  why  I  did 
not  pronounce  sentence  on  my  man  ?  I  an 
swered  that  "they  should  first  examine  the  offi 
cer  ;  and  then  I  would  leave  it  to  himself  to  say 
whether  or  not  the  prisoner  was  guilty/'  . 

Lieut.  Dufais  was  accosted  in  the  court 
yard  at  Head-quarters,  (where  I  would  not 
go)  by  the  General  and  questioned  about  this 
case.  The  latter  was  forced  to  acknowledge 
that  he  had  reason  to  be  perfectly  satisfied 
with  us  in  every  respect  so  far  as  regarded 
our  duty;  but,  in  this  particular  case,  "  we 
should/'  he  said,  "  have  entered  a  complaint ; 
for  it  was  not  gracious,  neither  was  there  any 
occasion  to  take  satisfaction  into  our  hands." 
In  reply,  Lieut.  Dufais  wanted  to  know  "against 
whom  we  should  enter  complaint  ?  for,  among 
so  many  people,  we  could  not  know  the  officer 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  1 1  $ 

who  assailed  our  man  :  and  that  it  would  be 
ridiculous  to  complain  of  any  one,  by  chance, 
without  knowing  the  offender  :  also,  that  these 
affrays  occured  a  hundred  times  in  this  place 
between  the  men  [/.  e.  yours  and  oursj  but  who 
could  tell  the  names  of  those  who  run  away  like 
boys  !  ! "  Now,  however,  there  is  trouble  all 
around;  and  we  still  remain  in  disfavor  with  the 
General,  on  account  of  the  talk  and  remarks 
there  have  been  concerning  this  affair. 

The  General  said,  he  would  have  the  case  in 
vestigated.  We  answered,  that  it  would  be  im 
possible,  if  conducted  in  the  English  language. 
If,  however,  they  had  no  confidence  in  a  Court- 
Martial  composed  of  officers  of  the  Hanau  Regi 
ment,  there  was  a  German  General  of  the 
Brunswick  troops  here,  who  would  certainly 
investigate  the  matter  impartially.  This  propo 
sition  seems  on  the  point  of  being  accepted,  and 
appears  to  meet  with  approval.  In  view  of  this, 
a  note  has  been  sent  to  his  Excellency  Gen. 
Carleton  at  Quebec  :  and  His  Excellency  Gen. 
Burgoyne,  and  Gen.  Riedesel  will  be  here  in  a 
few  days,  so  that  the  case  may  then,  possi 
bly,  be  decided. 

Maj.  Williamson  got  it  into  his  head  that  he 
could  order  me  to  forbid  my  men  going  out  in 
the  evening  with  their  sabres.  But  I  told  him 
that  I  would  not  dare  receive  such  an  order  from 


I  i  6  P4USCWS  JOURNAL. 

any  one  except  my  Gracious  Prince,  and  there 
fore  I  could  not  obey  him  :  further:  that  should 
I  meet  any  one  of  my  men  either  during  the  day 
or  at  the  time  for  retiring  at  9  o'clock,  going  to 
his  quarters  without  his  sabre,  I  should  have  him 
flogged  the  next  morning.  I  further  said,  that 
it  was  a  standing  order  at  our  Capital,  where 
four  or  five  battalions  were  collected  at  a  time, 
that  no  soldier  in  uniform  should  be  without  his 
side-arms. 

Since  then,  I  have  never  been  asked  to  do  this  ; 
and  in  fact,  it  would  fare  ill  with  my  men  were 
such  an  order  enforced  -  -  since  were  they  to 
depend  on  boxing  for  protection,  some  would 
return  to  Germany  cross-eyed  and  some  blind  ! 

The  most  friendly  feeling  and  unanimity 
exist  between  the  Royal  Artillery  and  the  subal 
terns  and  privates  of  my  Company.  This  state  of 
affairs  I  am  endeavoring  to  maintain  and  foster 
with  the  greatest  care  and  particularity. 

My  powder-flasks  are  all  warped  in  conse 
quence  of  the  dampness  of  the  batteaux  and  the 
wretched  weather  ;  and  they  cannot  be  repaired 
in  this  place. 

The  General,  who  lately  examined  the  arms 
of  my  Company,  said  that  he  finds  the  carrying 
of  catouches  very  cumbersome  and  hard  on  the 
men  The  General  is  right ;  especially  as  re- 


PA  USCH'S  JO  URN4L.  nj 

gards  the  piece  of  wood  attached.  I  told  him 
I  had  already  sent  an  humble  statement,  regard 
ing  this  very  thing  to  my  Prince,  and  hoped  to 
be  able  to  discard  the  powder-flasks;  but  if  the 
General  desired  it,  I  would  have  the  cartridges 
attached  to  the  white  straps.  The  first  day,  he 
merely  alluded  to  it.  The  next  day,  he  spoke  of 
it  again,  saying,  I  would  do  well  if  I  could  free 
the  men  from  this  piece  of  wood.  I  was  very 
glad  to  have  the  suggestion,  for  the  wooden 
contrivances  were  not  at  all  ornamental,. and,  on 
account  of  the  expense,  I  could  not  procure  new 
ones,  although  the  old  ones  had  become  warped 
out  of  all  shape.  I,  therefore,  had  the  cartridges 
fastened  to  the  belts  until  such  time  as  I  should 
have  further  orders  from  his  Highness,  the 
Prince  —  which  will  come  in  the  future.  They 
are  now  the  prettiest  cartridge-pocket  one  can  see 
or  wish  for.  They  look  very  nicefy  on  the  men 
who  have  now  entirely  destroyed  the  catouch- 
boxes. 

17.  In    the   afternoon,    His  Excellency,    Gen. 
Burgoyne,  and  staff  arrived  here. 

1 8.  A  Reception  was  held  to  welcome  him  at 
half  past    twelve.      It   was   then    and  there,    that 
the  Major  General  and  chief  of  the  Royal  Artil 
lery  iA  Canada,  with  great  condescension,  praised 
the  Company  entrusted  to  me,  for  its  appearance, 
discipline   and    the   service    rendered.      He    also 
praised  the  Company  for    its   fine   cannon-drill ; 


1 1 8  PJUSCH'S  70  URN4L. 

and  introduced  Lieut.  Dufais  and  myself  to  the 
members  of  his  staff.  The  [myj  other  two 
officers,  whom  he  had  not  introduced  because 
they  could  not  speak  French,  were  presented  by 
one  of  his  adjutants  who  spoke  good  German. 
His  Excellency  was  very  gracious  and  expressed 
his  gratification  at  the  good  report  made  of  us  by 
Gen.  Phillips.  He  gave  us  also  the  assurance  of 
his  future  good  will, 

17.  I  received  an  order,  dated  May  i/th, 
1777,  translated  from  English  into  German. 

Maj.  Gen.  Phillips  received  the  following 
order  dated  "  Head-quarters  at  Quebec,  May 
loth,  1777,  from  His  Excellency  and  Com 
mander-in-chief  Gen.  Carleton. 

"  His  Majesty,  the  King,  has  graciously  de 
termined  to  send  on  an  expedition  a  Detach 
ment  of  the  army,  under  the  command  of  Lieut, 
Gen.  Burgoyne,  to  consist  of  Grenadier  and  Light 
Infantry  from  the  following  Regiments,  viz : 
the  24th,  gth,  2oth,  2ist,  47th,  53d,  and  62d. 
Fifty  men  from  each  of  the  above  specified 
Regiments  are  to  remain  behind. 

"  Of  the  German  troops,  a  detachment  of  Sam 
aritans1  to  the  number  of  650  men,  in  the  same 

^ 

1  Not  quite    clear.      However,  as  the  se«  byhis  Journal,  often  expresses   kirn- 
Germans    use     the     term    "  Good  Sam-  self"  with  considerable  originality,  and   it 
aritan"     as     we  use  it,     it  is  very  proba-  would  be  just  like   him  to  use  this  ex- 
ble  th..t  tin;   word  is  here  used  to  deaig-  pression  for  a  hospital  guard. 
nate  the  Hospital  Guard.    Pausch,  as  we 


PJUSCH'S  JO  URNJL.  r  j g 

proportion^  will  also  remain  behind.  The  first 
named  corps  is  to  hold  itself  in  readiness  to  march 
upon  receiving  the  first  order  from  Lieut.  Gen. 
Burgoyne,  from  which  time,  all  reports  are  to  be 
made  to  Gen.  Burgoyne  as  Commander-in-chief. 
The  Detachment,  consisting  of  the  fifty  men 
from  the  above  mentioned  Regiments,  together 
with  i  Captain,  2  Subalterns  and  inferior  officers — 
in  the  proportion  as  set  down  for  each  Regiment 
will  rendezvous  at  the  Head-quarters  of  their 
respective  Regiments,  and  will  remain  there 
until  further  orders.  The  Artillery  with  its 
staff,  the  General  Hospital  Department,  and  the 
Commissioners,  are  to  send  in  at  once  a  Report 
stating  whether  or  not  they  are  supplied  with 
every  necessary  for  a  campaign. 

"  CAPT.  FOY, 
"AJj:   Gen." 

Respecting  that  miserable  rascal  and  head- 
smith,  Brads,  I  received  the  following  order, 
dated  the  i6th  of  May,  1777. 

"  SIR  : 

"It  seems  a  very  extraordinary  proceeding  to 
hold  under  arrest  for  many  months,  a  soldier  for 
the  sake  of  punishing  him,  as,  by  this  means,  the 
particular  service,  for  which  he  was  destined, 
will  suffer  greatly  by  his  detention.  It  is  very 
likely  that  this  was  not  contemplated  by  the 


120  PJUSCH'S  JO  URN4L. 

Treaty,  that  a  soldier  should  receive  pay  and 
provisions,  and  yet  not  render  any  service  while 
under  employ. 

"  I  cannot  interfere  in  this  affair  ;  and  I  have 
accordingly,  given  orders  that  the  Smith  shall 
be  liberated  according  to  the  wish  of  Brig.  Gen. 
Gall :  'and  in  making  use  of  his  services,  you  will 
do  with  him  as  you  and  the  Brigadier  shall  judge 
the  most  proper. 
"Montreal,  May  i6th,  1777. 

"  W.  PHILLIPS, 

"  Major  General. 

"  P.  S.  You  will  have  the  goodness  to  make  a 
Report  of  this  to  the  Brigadier." 

It  being  post-day,  when  I  received  this,  I  sent 
the  above  order  in  the  original  to  Berthier  to 
the  Brigadier  General,  saying  I  waited  his  orders 
as  to  what  I  should  do  in  the  premises.  The 
General  left  it  with  me  whether  or  not  to 
have  him  re-arrested.  I  left  him,  however, 
undisturbed,  as  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the 
King — saying  I  would  first  await  orders  from 
my  Chief  at  Berthier.  At  the  same  time,  I  gave 
it  as  my  opinion  that  the  fellow  had  already 
been  somewhat  punished  ;  and  as  I  did  not  wish 
to  belittle  the  General,  the  wretch  had  better  be 
released  from  further  punishment,  and  allowed  to 
continue  at  his  work. 


PAUSCH'S  JO URNJL.  1 2  I 

In  time  of  war,  I  find  sentences  of  this  kind 
out  of  place,  as  long,  that  is,  as  the  offence  is  not 
a  criminal  one.  Prompt  punishment  —  such  as 
running  the  gauntlet,  whipping,  or  confining  in 
fetters  for  a  time — is  the  best  that  can  be  done  on 
these  occasions,  as  by  these  light  punishments, 
the  service  does  not  suffer. 

19th.  Brought  to  a  close,  the  igthofMay,  1777, 
in  the  Winter-quarters  at  Montreal.  It  looks, 
now,  as  if  we  were  on  the  point  of  starting  [on  the 
Expedition]  ;  and,  perhaps,  we  will  really  do  so 
before  the  end  of  the  month. 


Continuation  of  the  interrupted  Journal,  which  was 
forwarded  \to  Germany \  from  Montreal. 

2 1 st.  A  grand  Review  was  held  by  His  Ex 
cellency,  General  Burgoyne,  who  arrived  here, 
on  the  1 7th,  from  Quebec.  The  Review  con 
sisted  of  all  the  Artillery  here  in  garrison, 
which  is  composed  of  three  Royal  Companies 
and  my  own.  It  was  similar  to  the  one  held 
here  last  Winter  by  His  Excellency,  General 
Carleton. 

For   this   reason,  I  forward   with   this   an   ap 
pended  Report  of  Gen.   Phillips,   signed   by  me 
and  marked  "  L.  A.  ;  "  one  by  His  Excellency, 
16 


122  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

Gen.   Burgoyne,  signed   by   Gen.    Phillips  ;  and 
one  by  Major  Williams,  also  signed  by    myself.1 

At  the  close  of  the  Review,  Gen.  Phillips, 
through  one  of  his  adjutants,  expressed  his  -grat 
ification  at,  and  his  thanks  for,  the  valuable 
services  rendered  by  my  Company  from  the  first 
hour  to  the  present  time.  He  also  ordered  these 
sentiments  to  be  stated  to  each  man  of  the  Com 
pany  individually.  I  immediately  complied  with 
his  wishes,  so  far  as  the  officers  were  concerned  ; 
and  the  latter  in  turn,  announced  it  to  the  men. 
After  this  had  been  done,  the  General  delivered 
a  long  address,  in  the  English  language,  to  his 
own  Artillery,  which,  so  far  as  I  could  make  out, 
was  nearly  of  the  same  general  tenor. 

This  Review  was  held  on  the  Heights  behind 
the  Fauburg  de  Recollets,  and  continued  from 
10:30  to  12:30.  When  it  ended,  the  Company 
returned  to  their  Barracks. 

23d.  The  Review  of  the  29th  Regiment  was 
held  at  the  same  place.  This  regiment  was  in 
garrison  here  this  Winter  ;  and,  it  is  said,  will  re 
main  in  its  present  quarters  for  the  entire 
year.  As  yet,  all  is  quiet  in  this  garrison. 

30th.  The  Grenadiers  and  Light  Infantry, 
who  were  in  Winter-quarters  here  [Montreal] 

1   This    Journal    as    before     observed,     that  personage  from  time  to  time,  as  an 
was  written  for  the  eye  of  the  Prince  of     opportunity  occurred. 
Here-Hanauj     and    was     forwarded    to 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

have  started  to-day  on  their  march  down  to  the 
River  Sorel.  At  the  present  time  of  writing,  it 
is  rumored  that  their  destination  is  as  far  as 
Chambly,  St.  John's  and  the  Isle  aux  Noix, 
where  the  advance-guard  is  to  await  the  com 
ing  of  the  main  army — after  which  it  [the  ad 
vance-guard]  is  to  march  further  on. 

28th.  Last  Wednesday,  the  28th  Inst.  an  Artil 
lery  company  (the  one  of  Capt.  Wachers)  belong 
ing  to  the  advance-guard,  marched  in  the  same 
direction,  viz  :  the  River  Sorel,  and,  thence,  will 
go  up  the  River.  As  it  is  still  impracticable  to 
transport  our  baggage  over  land,  we  will  very 
likely  have  to  make  use  of  the  two  rivers  for  our 
advance. 

June  3d.  As  I  have  just  now  ascertained  from 
Capt.  Gerlach  of  the  Engineers,  all  the  German 
Regiments  have  broken  up  their  quarters  and 
have  started  for  Sorel,  whence  they  will  be  con 
veyed  on  batteaux  further  up  the  Sorel  River  to 
their  place  of  destination. 

May  30th.   I  received  the  following  orders  : 


FIRST  ORDER. 

"  His  Excellency,  General  Burgoyne,  directs 
that,  without  exception,  no  officer  shall  take 
with  him  any  more  baggage  than  he  is  in  ex- 


124  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

tremc  need  of.  The  officers  are,  therefore, 
ordered  to  deposit  their  baggage  where  it  will 
be  safe. 

"The  officers  of  the  English  Artillery  offer  to 
take  charge  of  the  equipage  of  the  officers  of  the 
Hessian  Artillery  with  their  own.  By  the  ex 
press  orders  of  General  Burgoyne,  no  more  than 
three  women  can  be  taken  with  each  company/' 

The  other  order  relates  to  the  Infantry,  and 
has,  therefore,  nothing  to  do  with  the  Artillery. 


June  2d.  SECOND  ORDER  FROM  MAJ.  GEN. 
PHILLIPS. 

"Montreal,  June  2d,  1777. 

"The  British  Artillery  will  set  out  next  Thurs 
day  for  Longueil ;  and  the  Hessian  Artillery 
will  be  prepared  to  set  out  Friday,  the  6th,  or 
Saturday,  the  7th. 

"CLIELAND.1 

"Lieut,  and  adj. 

"Royal  Artillery:' 

On  the  3oth  of  May,  His  Excellency,  Lieut. 
Gen.  Carleton  and  Suite  also  arrived  here  from 
Quebec. 

xSamuel  Cleaveland,  Lieut,  yth  Reg.     lery,  Oct,  30,  1775;   Capt.  in  the  i6th 
of  Foot,  March  z6th,  1773;   Col.  Arcil-     Reg.  of  Foot,  May  »4th,  1776. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  125 

4th.  This  being  the  greatest  holiday,  viz  :  the 
birth-day  of  his  Majesty,  the  King--  a  salute 
of  twenty-one  guns  was  fired  from  the  citadel. 
The  agth  Regiment  of  Infantry,  here  in  garri 
son  and  which  turned  out  on  the  Champ  de 
Mars ;  three  general  detachments  of  the  English 
Artillery  also  stationed  here;  together  with  my 
Company,  marched  to  the  citadel  and  paraded  in 
honor  of  the  day. 

At  the  close  of  this  military  display,  the  higher 
officers,  namely,  his  Excellency,  Carleton,  Bur- 
goyne  and  Maj.  Gen.  Phillips,  with  their  staffs, 
repaired  in  a  body  to  the  citadel.  There,  at 
their  order,  the  English  gunners  charged  a 
six  pounder  with  one  of  our  style  of  wipers, 
first  with  blank  cartridge1  then  with  ball.  These 
wipers,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  were 
handled  in  working  the  cannon,  met  with 
approval  ;  and  they  will,  in  all  probability,  be 
adopted  by  the  English  Artillery  in  Canada. 
During  the  salute,  Maj.  Williams  asked  me  to 
come  to  his  quarters  at  5  o'clock  this  afternoon 
both  to  receive  orders  for  our  march,  and  to  learn 
of  the  arrangements  made  for  our  transportation. 
It  is  now  a  quarter  past  three  o'clock  ;  and  in 
an  hour  and  three-quarters  I  shall  find  out  what 
I  wish  to  know,  and  be  able  to  add  it  to  this 
day's  Journal. 

1  Literally  "  blind  wipers." 


126  PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 

At  5  o'clock,  I  received  no  further  orders, 
excepting  that  a  trial  of  minute-firing  would  be 
held  at  the  citadel  in  presence  of  the  whole 
body  of  Generals  with  a  6  pound  English  cannon, 
only  4  feet,  9  inches  long  (Kass1),  and  served  by 
English  Artillerists ;  and  also  with  one  of  my 
cannon  5  feet,  1 1  inches  long,  worked  by  my 
men. 

The  English  managed  to  fire  eleven  times, 
and  my  men  twelve  times  (N.  B.  After 
each  discharge  the  gun  is  spunged  out).  If 
I  could  have  omitted  the  wiping,  which  dur 
ing  minute-firing,  is  never  practised,  and  kept 
right  on  firing,  as  it  would  have  been  the 
proper  way  to  do,  I  certainly  could  have 
fired  nineteen  to  twenty  times.  But  as  the 
other  side  started  the  thing,  I  could  not  pos 
sibly  avoid  doing  the  same.  They  have  intro 
duced  the  custom  of  dipping  the  wiper  in  a 
bucket  of  water  under  the  cannon.  This, 
however,  is  of  no  advantage,  as  it  only  in 
creases  the  dampness,  and,  after  a  while, 
causes  a  tough  gum  to  form  inside  of  the  gun 
which  adds  to  the  labor  and  retards  the  firing. 
I  know  by  experience  how  the  "  Chevalier 
Pfalz2  Artillery  '  for  a  long  time  used  this  pre 
caution,  more  detrimental  than  useful  —  Since  it 
caused  accidents  which  were  only  avoided  after 

*  Kass,     an    abbreviation     for    Cassel.      Germany  according  to  the  district. 
Meaning  by  Cassel  measurement — as  the 
foot,  as   well  as  other  measures,  vary    in          '  Electoral  Palatinate. 


PJUSCH'S  JO URNJL.  I2J 

the  custom  had  been  done  away  with.  The 
custom  has,  therefore,  been  abandoned  [by  us] 
years  ago,  in  fact  more  than  twenty. 

I  have,  also,  advised  those  here --by  whom  I 
could  be  understood  -  -  to  give  the  practice  up  ; 
but  whether  my  well  meant  advice  will  be 
heeded  or  not  I  do  not  know. 

Shortly  after  this  exercise,  the  above  men 
tioned  Generals  sent  the  English  Artillery  Adju 
tant,  Lieut.  Clieland1  to  me  with  their  compli 
ments.  At  the  same  time,  they  expressed  their 
entire  satisfaction  both  at  our  Artillery  itself,  and 
at  the  manner  and  agility  with  which  our  can 
non  were  handled  ;  and,  as  they  wished  to  in 
troduce  the  same  method,  they  desired  me  to 
give  and  to  cause  to  be  given  all  necessary  advice 
and  assistance,  in  order  that  their  artillerists  might 
also  be  enabled  to  work  as  well  and  as  rapidly  as 
mine.  This  latter  request,  I  respectfully  prom 
ised  to  fulfill  ;  the  more  so,  because,  a  year  ago, 
they  were  very  kind  to  my  Company  in  showing 
us  their  methods  of  loading  and  handling  the 
cannon, 

5th.  The  remainder  of  the  companies  of  the 
English  Artillery  who  were  here  in  garrison, 
having  gone  by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Lon- 
gueil,  and  who  will  go  thence  to  our  place  of 
rendezvous  at  St.  Johns,  I  shall  be  left  behind 

1  See  previous  note. 


I28  PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 

till  we  meet  there.  The  time  for  me  to  march 
is  now  set  down  for  the  8th  or  9th  of  this  month, 
when  I  shall  go  to  Longueil,  and  there  await 
the  necessary  authorization  papers  to  march,  by 
way  of  La  Prairie,  to  St.  Johns.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  these  strong,  well  formed  men,  who 
look  as  if  they  had  been  picked  out  of  an  army, 
will,  in  a  short  time,  learn,  and  do  as  well  and  even 
better  than  my  small  but  very  attentive,  willing 
and  excellent  men  ;  for  the  former,  according  to 
their  fashion,  have  great  ambition,  more  so,  in 
deed,  than  the  rest  of  the  troops. 

Last  evening,  the  4th  Inst.,  all  the  houses  in 
Montreal,  and  in  the  suburbs  of  Quebec,  St. 
Lawrence  and  Recollet,  were  illuminated,  on 
account  of  its  being  the  greatest  National  festi 
val,  viz  :  the  birth-day  of  his  Majesty,  the  King  ; 
and  each  citizen  had  a  feu  de  joi  [bon-fire]  in 
front  of  his  dwelling.  There  was  continual  gun 
and  pistol  firing  from  sunset  till  one  o'clock  the 
next  morning.  Those  who  did  not  illuminate 
their  windows  were  in  danger  of  having  them 
broken  by  stones;  consequently,  those  houses 
which  were  not  illuminated  were  few  and  be 
longed  to  those  who  were  too  poor  to  do  so,  for 
they  certainly  were  not  Rebels. 

7th.  In  the  evening  I  received  the  two  follow 
ing  orders  from  Maj.  Gen.  Phillips  : 


PAUSCHS  JOURNAL.  I2g 

"Montreal,  "June  yth,  1 777. 

"Captain  Pauscb :  Commander  of  the  Hesse  Hanau 

Artillery. 

u  You  will  start  with  the  company  of  Hesse- 
Hanau  Artillery  from  Montreal  on  Tuesday,  the 
loth  inst,  crossing  the  River  at  Longueil.  You 
will  march,  also,  on  the  following  day,  to 
Chambly  and  St.  John's.  At  this  latter  place, 
you  will  receive  four  field  cannon,  which  will 
form,  under  your  orders,  the  Artillery  Brigade, 
and  which  will  be  attached  to  the  left  wing  of 
the  Army.  The  orders,  concerning  this  matter, 
have  already  been  sent  to  Maj.  Williams. 

"You  must  see  Lieut.  Barmer,  Asst.  Quarter- 
Master  General,  in  order  to  have  some  boats  for 
the  transportation  of  your  baggage  to  the  other 
side  of  the  River  ;  and  for  carts,  you  will  have 
to  apply  to  Maj.  Gen.  Dupres,  who  will  furnish 
you  with  all  you  require  both  for  the  service, 
and  for  repairs. 

"  The  Artillery  of  Hanau,  consisting  of  three 
field-cannon,  are  to  be  left  at  Montreal  under  the 
command  of  an  officer  who  is  to  take  charge 
until  he  receives  other  instructions.  You  will, 
also,  take  such  things  with  you  as  you  need  and 
may  particularly  desire  ;  and,  if  you  think  it  best, 
two  carts  of  ammunition. 

17 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

"  Meanwhile,  the  officer  has  to  report  for 
orders  to  CoL  St.  Leger,  who  will  determine 
what  orders  shall  be  at  once  given. 

"Dated  at  Montreal  June  jtb. 

"W.  PHILLIPS,  MAJ.  GEN.' 

"Montreal,  June  8tA,  1777. 
"Dear  Sir: 

"As  it  is  not  entirely  certain  that  the  Chas 
seurs,  who  are  expected  to  arrive  from  Europe, 
and  are  destined  for  the  secret  expedition  under 
the  command  of  Col.  St.  Leger,  are  from  Hesse- 
Hanau,1  and  as  the  Regiment  of  Hesse-Hanau 
may  not  send  off  any  detachments  hired  for 
that  purpose,  do  not  send  any  detachment  for 
service.  It  is  the  opinion  that  the  Artillery 
Company  of  Hesse-Hanau,  under  your  orders, 
will  embark  with  the  Expedition  under  Lieuten 
ant  General  Burgoyne.  You  will,  therefore, 
move  with  all  the  companies  of  Hesse-Hanau 
(as  previously  advised)  on  Tuesday  the  10  Instant. 
The  cannon  must  be  left  in  charge  of  an  officer 

'The  result,  however,  proved  that  the  1777,  for  Canada.      One  of  these  com- 

Chasseurs  did  come  from    Hesse  Hanau.  p.'.nies,    consisting    of    342  men  and    all 

According  to  Col.  Rainsford's  "  Journal  of     them   trained    riflemen,   was  in     St. 

us    Commissary    for    embarking    foreign  Leger's    Expedition  —  detailed    for    that 

troops    in    the  English  service    for  Ger-  purpose    by    Carleton    acting   under    the 

many,"  three  companies  of  Hanau  Chas-  orders  of  Lord  Germain, 
seurs    sailed    from    near  Dort,   April  16, 


PA  USCH'  S  JO  UR  NAL .  131 

who  will   take  care  of  them,  following   the  first 
instructions  he  received  from  Montreal. 

"  To  M.  A.  Caff.  Paused" 

The  other  order  which  I  received  at  the  same 
time,  was  as  follows  : 

"  Dear  Sir  : 

Lieut.  Col.  St.  Leger  is  the  Commander  of  an 
army  corps,  to  which  will  be  attached  a  body  of 
cavalry,  which,  they  say,  are  Hessians.  These 
latter  are  expected  to  arrive  shortly  and  are  to  go 
upon  a  secret  Expedition.1  It  is  therefore  neces 
sary  that  two  cannon  be  added  to  the  cavalry  on 
their  arrival,  as  they  are  ordered  to  follow  the 
route  of  Lieut.  Col.  St.  Leger  in  conformity  with 
the  instructions  they  will  receive  from  him. 
You  will,  accordingly,  have  to  give  your  orders 
for  one  officer,  two  under-officers,  and  sixteen 
artillerists  of  Hesse  Hanau,  who  are  to  await  the 
arrival  of  the  corps  of  cavalry,  in  order  to  join 
them  and  receive  the  instructions  of  the  com 
manding  officer.  You  are  also  to  see  to  it,  that 
two  pieces  of  Hanau  Artillery,  with  200  charges 
of  ammunition  for  each  piece,  (in  the  propor 
tion  of  two-thirds  round-ball  and  one-third  of 
cartridges  for  the  Artillery),  are  provided  --also, 
every  thing  necessary  for  repairs  on  the  way. 

1  This   body  of  cavalry  either  did   not      manded,    as    no  cavalry    were  with    St. 
arrive  in  time,  or  the  order  was  counter-     Leger  in  his  expedition. 


132  PA  USCH'  S  JO  UR  NAL. 

You  will,  likewise,  give  the  order  who  is  to 
take  charge  of  the  Artillery,  and  hand  it  over  to 
the  commander  of  the  cavalry  on  his  arrival ; 
and  you  are  also  to  order  twenty-four  (24)  sol 
diers  to  be  attached  to  the  same  "Artillery,  and  to 
provide  for  every  thing  which  this  corps  may 
require/'1 

The  army  smithey  is  at  St.  John's.  Two  of 
my  ammunition-wagons  and  all  of  my  cannon, 
with  the  rest  of  the  Artillery,  are  at  Montreal. 
At  the  same  town,  also,  are  the  chests  of  the 
officers  and  all  the  stores  of  clothing.  I  left 
wagon-master  Kaiser  and  an  artillery-man  in 
charge.  We  are  using  English  cannon.2 

Concerning  the  Action  of  the  i  qth  of  Sept.  1 777,  on 
Freeman  s  Farm  near  Stillwater  on  the  Hudson 
River. 

Sept.  i  gth.  On  the  morning  of  the  1 9th  of 
September,  1777,  the  entire  army,  with  th  ex 
ception  of  the  Regiment  of  Hesse- Hanau  which 
formed  the  rear  guard  for  the  protection  of  the 
artillery  and  baggage,  began  a  forward  move- 

1  There  is   no    signature    to    this   last  Set:>t.    and    the    yth    of  October,   1777. 
letter;  and  there  seems  to  be  some  con-  This    is    probably  caused  —  not    by    the 
fusion,  also,  in    the  dates  of    the   letters,  missing  portion  having  been  lost,  as  may 
as    under  the  "  7th,"  Pausch  receives    a  have  been  the  case  previously,  but  by  the 
letter   dated    the   8th,    I    give  the    text,  fact,  that  the  writer  had  no  time  to  con- 
however,  exactly  as  it  is  in  the  original,  tinue  the  Journal ;  as  he  was  continually 

on  the  march  from  this  time  until  those 

2  There  is  here  again  a  break  in   the     battles. 
Journal  until  the  actions  of  the  I9th  of 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  133 

ment.1     The  batteaux,  also,  followed  along  the 
Hudson  with  the  provisions. 

The  disposition  of  the  march  was  the  same  as 
on  the  i/th,  viz  :  in  two  columns  :  the  one  on 
the  right  [under  Fraser]  consisting  of  the  Royal 
troops,  penetrated  the  mountains  and  woods, 
roads  and  paths:  the  one  on  the  left,  took  the 
plains  along  the  Hudson.2  Presently,  we  came 
across  a  demolished  bridge  over  a  swampy  ditch.3 
After  a  short  halt,  during  which  the  bridge  was 
in  the  least  possible  time  repaired,  we  resumed 
our  march,  which,  however,  was  of  brief  dura 
tion  ;  for  in  a  little  while  we  encountered 
another  demolished  bridge,  which  we  also  had 

1  This  advance  began  from  "  Sword's  this  subject  to  follow  Pausch,  should  con- 
House."  The  site  of  this  house  is  on  suit  "The  Military  Journals  of  Gen. 
the  south  bank  of  a  spring  brook,  about  Riedesel,"  and  "  Burgoyne's  Campaign," 
fifty  yards  west  of  the  Hudson  river,  where  every  step  of  Burgoyne's  progress 
and  a  few  rods  north  of  the  south  line  of  is  described  and  annotated  in  full, 
the  town  of  Saratoga.  It  may  be  readily 

found  from  being  about  thirty  rods  north          2  There    were     really    thne    columns, 

of  a  highway  leading  from  the  Hudson  Fraser  took  the  extreme  right  on  a  ridge 

river  road  westerly,  which  highway  is  the  (here  spoken  of  as  "  the  mountains  ")  j 

first  one  north  of  Wilbur's  Basin.      This  Burgoyne,  the  centre;   and  the  Germans 

highway  was  nearly  the  same  at  the  time  under     Riedesel  —  including,   of  course 

of  Burgoyne's  visit  in  1777,  as  it  is  now.  Pausch's  Artillery  —  the  "plains  along 

It  is  on  land  now  owned   (1886)   by  a  the    Hudson;"  or,    more  properly,    the 

Mr.    Chase,  about  three  miles  south  of  river-bank. 
Schuylerville.     Ail  traces  of  it  are  now 

obliterated,  save  a   pile  of  brick,  and   a          3 This  bridge   was  over  the   creek  that 

slight  depression  in  the  soil  where  was  ran    into    the   Hudson   at    a   place    now 

the    cellar.      A    son  of   the  Sword    who  (1886)    called  _"  Wilbur's    Basin."      At 

owned  this   house,  and    who  was  born  at  this    time    it  was    quite  a    large  stream, 

Fort  George,    Sivatoga   Co.,  N.    Y  ,   be-  but  having  since  been   diverted  into  the 

came  a  bookseller  in    New  York  city  ;  Champlain  canal  it  is  at  present  only  a 

and  his  tablet  is  still  to  be  seen  in  Trinity  muddy  ditch.      The  land  in  which    this 

Church,    New    York  City.        Those  of  is    (1886)  owned  by  a  Mr.    Hoag. 
our  readers  who  are  interested  enough  in 


134  PJUSCIfS  JOURNAL. 

to  replace  by  a  new  one.1  While  thus  engaged, 
we  heard  firing  in  the  direction  of  our  right 
wing.  It  was  then  about  one  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon.  At  first  it  was  musketry,  but  soon 
we  heard  cannon  also.  This  firing  soon  at 
tracted  our  attention  by  its  rapid  increase ;  and 
Gen.  Phillips,  who  was  with  our  column,  hast 
ened  at  once  to  the  right  wing  for  the  purpose 
of  accelerating  its  march.  Soon  after  he  had 
gone,  Gen.  Riedesel  detailed  two  companies  of 
the  Regiment  Rhetz,  under  command  of  Capt. 
Von  Friedendorf,  to  a  hill  in  front  and  a  little  to 
the  right  of  us,  which  they  occupied,  at  the  same 
time  reconnoitring  the  terrain. 

The  picket  of  our  right  wing  had  met  the 
advance-guard  of  the  enemy ;  *  but  the  latter 
being  superior  in  numbers,  caused  our  pickets  to 
fall  back  under  the  protection  of  their  advanc 
ing  column.  This  incident  was  the  beginning 
of  an  engagement,  which,  in  a  short  time,  grew 
into  a  stubborn  battle.  Gen.  Riedesel  sent  one 
of  his  adjutants  with  orders  for  his  own  Regi 
ment  to  march  with  dispatch  to  the  scene  of 
conflict;  it  being  his  intention  himself  to  place 
the  men  in  position.  Scarcely  had  this  Regi- 

1  This  second  bridge  was  about   1,500  one,  from   the  fact  that   it  was   the  ex- 
feet  from  the  bridge  just  mentioned  (Wil-  treme   southern   limit    on  the  river    bank, 
bur's  Basin)  and  fifteen  feet  north  of  the  reached   by  Burgoyne's   army  in   his  ex- 
first  canal  bridge  south  of  Wilbur's  Basin,  pedition. 
Its  site  is   now  occupied   by  the  Cham- 
plain  canal.     This  point  is  an  important  *  Under  Morgan. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

ment  marched,  when  another  adjutant  of  the 
General  arrived  with  the  order  to  send  him  two 
cannon.  Everything  being  quiet  in  front  of 
our  left  wing,  I  started  with  two  cannon,  am 
munition  and  a  cart  containing  shovels,  picks, 
etc.,  etc. 

Leaving  Lieut.  Dufais  with  the  cannon  and 
baggage,  and  giving  him  the  necessary  instruc 
tions,  I  hastened  up  the  hill,  where  I  found  the 
above  mentioned  regiment.  I  placed  my  can 
non  in  such  a  position  that  I  might  be  enabled 
to  use  them  advantageously  in  case  of  need. 
The  General,  before  my  arrival,  had  made  use 
of  two  companies  of  the  Regiment  Rhetz  for  the 
protection  of  the  right  wing  of  that  regiment,  by 
making  them  construct  a  hedge  of  branches  and 
trunks  of  trees,  etc.,  etc.  He  also  sent  Lieut. 
Reislin,  with  a  small  detachment,  to  a  hill  in  our 
front,  sparsely  covered  with  trees  and  brushwood, 
with  orders  to  give  timely  notice  in  case  the 
enemy  showed  signs  of  occupying  it.  For  this 
purpose,  he  was  to  send  out  patrols ;  and  in 
case  of  being  attacked  in  force,  he  was  to  fall 
back  on  his  regiment.  In  the  mean  time,  we 
were  to  keep  perfectly  quiet  in  our  first  position. 

The  General,  at  the  same  time,  sent  a  subal 
tern,  with  four  men  as  a  patrol,  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  communication  with  those  who 
were  in  action,  that  he  might  the  more  easily 
march  to  their  assistance  in  case  of  necessity. 


136  PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

The  first  not  returning,  he  sent  a  second  and 
again  a  third  in  rapid  succession,  fearing  that  the 
first  patrol  might  either  have  lost  its  way  or 
been  destroyed. 

The  firing  seemed  to  draw  nearer ;  from 
which  one  might  infer  that  our  right  wing  was 
retreating.  Accordingly,  without  waiting  longer 
for  the  report  of  the  patrols,  which  had  not  yet 
come  back,  we  left  our  position,  and  marched  for 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in  the  direction  of 
the  firing.  We  then  formed  in  line  of  battle,  I 
placing  the  two  cannon  in  the  road  which  led 
into  the  woods.  The  fences,  which  lay  to  my 
left,  I  had  already  quickly  thrown  down  in 
order  that  the  enemy,  on  his  approach,  might 
not  hide  behind  them.  This  was  our  second 
position. 

Meanwhile,  Major  von  Geismar,  who  was  yet 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Riedesel,  was  sent  by  the 
latter  to  see  if  there  was  any  possibility  of  reach 
ing  Gen.  Burgoyne  and  informing  him  that  he 
stood  here  in  readiness  with  his  own  Regiment, 
two  companies  of  the  Regiment  Rhetz  and  two 
6  pound  cannon,  and  that  he  was  only  waiting  for 
orders  to  reinforce  him.  In  the  meantime,  the 
patrols  returned  one  after  the  other.  The  second 
patrol  having  reported  that  the  communication 
between  us  and  the  troops  in  action  was  open, 
the  General  [Riedesel]  marched  at  once  toward 
the  right. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  137 

He  choose  this  way,  in  order  to  make  a  divi 
sion  on  the  right  flank  of  the  enemy.  He  also 
ordered  the  march  to  be  beaten  on  the  drums, 
which  caused  the  men  to  cheer  repeatedly. 
After  descending  the  hill  we  met  von  Geismar 
on  his  return  with  orders  from  Gen.  Burgoyne 
directing  Gen.  Riedesel  to  attack  the  enemy  on 
their  right  flank,  and,  if  possible,  to  follow  them 
up.  This,  however,  we  were  prevented  from 
doing  both  by  the  woods  and  the  swamps  behind 
which  the  enemy  were  hidden.  I  was  also  to 
go  to  the  right  wing  of  the  2ist  English  regi 
ment. 

My  wagon-master,  who  was  now  well  mounted, 
was  sent  ahead  to  find  a  way  through  a  corn 
field,  that  we  might  avoid  the  ditches  and 
swamps  and  not  get  stuck  in  them. 

Under  a  shower  of  the  enemy's  bullets,  I 
safely  reached  the  hill  just  as  the  2ist  and  gth 
Regiments  were  about  to  abandon  it.  Neverthe 
less,  I  continued  to  drag  my  two  cannon  up  the 
hill,  while  Gen.  Phillips  exhorted  the  English 
Regiments,  and  the  officers  their  men,  to  face 
the  enemy.  English  captains  and  other  officers 
and  privates  and  also  the  Brunswick  Chasseurs, 
which  happened  to  be  detailed  here,  grasped  the 
ropes.  The  entire  line  of  these  regiments  faced 
about,  and  by  this  faithful  assistance,  my  cannon 
were  soon  on  top  of  the  hill.  I  had  shells 

18 


i38 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


brought  up  and  placed  by  the  side  of  the  cannon ; 
and  as  soon  as  I  got  the  range,  I  fired  twelve 
or  fourteen  shots  in  quick  succession  into  the  foe 
who  were  within  good  pistol  shot  distance.1 

The  firing  from  muskets  was  at  once  renewed, 
and  assumed  lively  proportions  particularly  the 
platoon  fire  from  the  left  wing  of  Riedesel. 
Presently,  the  enemy's  fire,  though  very  lively  at 
one  time,  suddenly  ceased.  I  advanced  about 
sixty  paces  sending  a  few  shells  after  the  flying 
enemy,  and  firing  from  twelve  to  fifteen  shots 
more  into  the  woods  into  which  they  had  re 
treated.  Everything  then  became  quiet  ;  and 
about  fifteen  minutes  afterwards  darkness  set  in.2 


1  Gen.  Riedesel  in  his  memoirs,  pays 
the  following  tribute  to  Pausch  at  this 
critical  period  of  the  action.  He  says  : 
"  when  Gen.  Riedesel  arrived  at  the 
eminence  [the  hill  up  which  Pausch  also 
had  clambered]  the  battle  was  raging  the 
fiercest.  The  American?,  far  superior  in 
numbers,  had  for  the  sixth  time,  hurled 
fresh  troops  against  the  zoth,  2ist  and 
6zd  En§,  regiments.  The  guns  of  this 
wing  were  already  silenced,  there  being 
no  more  ammunition  and  all  the  artillery 
men  having  been  either  killed  or  wounded 
Meanwhile,  Captain  Pausch. 
arrived  with  his  guns  at  the  right 
moment,  and  forming  into  line  with  the 
English,  opened  fire  with  gi'Jpe  shot. 
The  Regiment  Riedesel  also  arrived  at 
the  nick  of  time,  and  joining  the  two 
companies  on  the  ditch  [/.  e.  those  from 
the  Regiment  of  Rhetz  already  sent  for 
ward}  considerably  extended  the  line  of 
fire.'' 

'There  can  be    no   question   that   the 
day    was  saved    to  the   English    or  rather 


that  they  were  kept  from  a  most  disas 
trous  defeat,  solely  by  the  timely  arrival 
of  Riedesel  with  his  men  and  the  cannon 
of  Pausch  Fraser,  who  was  a  witness  of 
this,  in  a  journal  circular  to  all  the  Eng 
lish  Generals,  gave  the  fullest  acknowl 
edgments  to  the  German  troops  :  and  yet 
Stedman  —  considered  by  many  and 
among  them  the  deservedly  high  au 
thority,  Gen.  de  Peyster  —  par  ex 
cellence  the  most  accurate  historian  on 
the  British  side,  could  falsify  history  by 
closing  an  account  of  this  action  as  fol 
lows  :  "The  German  troops,  in  conse 
quence  of  their  position  the  leaving  of 
which  was  not  considered  advisable,  did 
not  take  a  great  part  in  this  engagement. 
After  the  beginning  of  this  action,  Gen. 
Phillips  made  his  way  through  the  dense 
woods,  a  proceeding  that  was  of  great 
advantage." 

And  in  still  further  confirmation  of 
the  substantial  aid  given  to  the  British 
at  a  very  critical  time,  I  received  just  after 
penning  the  above  paragraph,  aletter  from 
my  friend  Mr.  Jno.  J.  Dalgleish,  F.  S.  A. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


'39 


I  now  replaced  my  ammunition  from  that  of 
the  English  wagons  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.  The 
loss  of  the  Royal  Artillery  in  to  day's  action  was 


of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  enclosing  an  ex 
tract  from  a  MS.  Journal  kept  by  his 
Grandfather,  Lieut.  John  Ddlgleish  of 
the  2ist  Regiment,  during  the  campaign 
of  Burgoyne.  Speaking  of  the  writer  of 
this  Journal^  Mr.  Dalgleish  says  : 

"  My  Grandfather  wh^  had  previously 
been  in  the  old  Scotch  Brigade  in  Hol 
land,  left  that  service  finding  there  was 
neither  work  to  do  nor  promotion  to  be 
had  by  that  time  in  that  once  famous 
corps,  and  joined  in  1776,  the  2ist  North 
British  Fuzileers  of  the  British  Army  and 
had  the  misfortune  to  be  one  of  those 
who  surrendered  with  Burgoyne  on  18 
Oct.,  1777.  I  was  always  aware  that  he 
had  served  in  America,  but  my  Father 
who  was  a  reticent  man  never  used  to 
refer  to  the  subject,  and  I  ha*d  not  unfor 
tunately  during  his  life  the  curiosity  to 
speak  with  him,  on  the  subject.  (My 
Grandfather  died — in  1829 — before  my 
birth,  after  attaining  th«  command  of 
his  regiment  in  which  he  served  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  from  which  retired  in 
1797.)  My  grandfather's  military  ser 
vant,  who  had  followed  him  from  the 
Dutch  Brigade  was  killed  on  19  Sept., 
1777  in  the  battle. " 
EXTRACT  FROM  LIEUT.  DALGLEISH'S 
JOURNAL. 

"  Arrived  at  Quebec  the  8th  of  June 
and  landed  a  day  or  two  afterwards  :  re 
mained  there  doing  garrison  duty  along 
with  the  other  additional  companies  until 
the  1 2th  of  August  when  we  were 
ordered  to  march  to  join  the  army. 
After  a  long  march,  with  a  sailing  over 
the  lakes,  we  joined  the  army  under  the 
command  of  Lt  Gen.  Burgoyne  the 
3d  September  at  Fort  Edward,  remained 
8  or  10  days,  came  «p  with  the  enemy 
the  1 9th  instant  at  Freeman's  Farm. 
Our  picket  engaged  the  above  till  one 


o'clock  and  were  repulsed  upon  [which  ?] 
the  advanced  corps  went  up  and  beat  the 
E  of  the  ground  :  about  2  [o'clock]  the 
2ist  and  62d  Regts., were  ordered  up  as  the 
enemy  had  got  a  reinforcement  and  had 
returned  to  the  charge.  Sometime  after 
wards  the  2Oth  Regt.  was  ordered  in 
(mistake)  up  to  support  the  two  former. 
The  engagement  continued  very  hot 
until  about  sunset  when  the  Germans 
came  up,  upon  which  the  enemy  were 
jlad  to  get  off"  in  the  dusk  in  evening 
and  left  us  masters  of  the  field  of  battle  : 
next  day  part  encamped  on  the  above  men 
tioned  ground  and  the  other  on  the  left 
of  that.  Remained  there  until  on  the 
8th  of  October  [Sic.  The  Battle  was 
on  the  7th]  a  strong  party  was  sent 
out  to  try  if  a  hill  [The  hill  or  ridge 
from  the  top  of  which  Morgan  rushed 
down  with  his  men  and  flanked  the 
troops  of  Gen.  Fraser  and  Lord  Bal- 
carras.  See  Stone's  Burgoyne's  Cam 
paign^  to  our  right  and  south  could 
not  command  the  enemy's  camp  We 
were  obliged  to  retire  into  our  camp 
again.  Began  our  retreat  same  night 
and  came  to  the  rising  grounds  round 
the  Hospital  where  remained  all  next 
day.  There  were  several  shots  ex 
changed  on  both  sides,  gth.  at  night 
continued  our  retreat  to  Saratoga,  nth. 
Entrenched  ourselves  there.  A  conven 
tion  proposed  on  1 5th  or  i6th  and 
agreed  to  the  I7th  same  month  and 
signed  by  both  parties,  /.  <*.,  by  Gen. 
Burgoyne  and  Air.  Gates  the  Genl. 
We  began  our  march  the  i8th,  for  Cam 
bridge  and  arrived  there  i8th  of  No 
vember.  Sept  2d  (1778)  still  in  this 
situation  and  ordered  to  Rutland  :  ar 
rived  here  [there  ?]  the  4th  instant. 
Nov.  n,  1778  was  ordered  to  march  for 
Charlottesville  in  Virginia  a  march  of  600 


14.0  PAUSC&S  JOURNAL. 

very    severe.      One,    Capt.    Johns,    was    mortally 
wounded  and  died  the  next  morning. 

Brigade  Major,  Capt.  Bloomfield,  received  a 
shot  through  the  cheek  under  the  tongue.2 
Nearly  all  the  rest  of  Gen.  Phillip's  adjutants 
were  wounded;  also  some  of  Gen.  Burgoyne's 
adjutants.  Over  thirty  men  of  the  Royal  Artil 
lery  are  either  dead  or  wounded  (among  them 
not  one  under  10  inches,3)  all  of  them  fine  look 
ing  men.  A  number  of  them,  also,  died  on  the 
field  of  battle,  who  measured  11  to  12  inches. 
Some  are  still  alive  ;  others  dead. 

I  am  the  only  cne  in  the  detachment,  of  all 
my  fellow  officers,  who  was  so  fortunate  as  not 
even  to  have  a  horse  either  killed  or  wounded  — 

miles.    We  arrived  here  at  Charlottesville          2  Mrs.  Riedesel  thus  speaks  of  Bloom- 
(in  Albemarle  county)  the        Jan-  I779-  field's  wound  :   *'  I  undertook  the  care  of 
Remained  there  until  the  2,3  Nov.,  1780,  Major  Bloomfield,  Adj.  of  Gen.  Phillips, 
when   we   marched    into    Maryland  and  through    both  of  whose   cheeks  a   small 
that  day   several  of   the  officers    fa  word  musket    ball    had  passed,    shattering    his 
legible]  they  were  exchanged,  of  which  teeth  and  grazing  his  tongue.     He  could 
:.appy  number  I  was  one  and  arrived  safe  hold  nothing  whatever  in  his  mouch.    The 
i  New    York    the      i6tk    December,  matter  from  the  wound  almost   choked 
780."  him,  and  he  was  una'ole  to  take  any  other 
The   following  was   found  among   the  nourishment,  except  a  little  broth.      We 
papers  of  the  writer  of  the    above  by  his  had  Rhine  wine.      I  gave  him  a  bottle  of 
grandson  :  it,  in  hopes  that  the  acidity  of  the  wine 
"  I    do    certify   that   Lieutenant    Dal-  would    cleanse    his     wound.       He    kept 
gleish  of  the    2ist    Regt. ,  was  regularly  some    continually    in    his    mouth  j     and 
Exchanged  for  Lieutenant   Joshua  Bran-  that  alone  acted    so    beneficially    that  he 
ard  of  the  Connecticut   Militia   at    New  became  cured,  and  I    again    acquired  one 
York  the  3d  day  of  November  1780.  more    friend.        Thus,    in    the    midst  of 
(Signed)  my  hours  of  my  care  and  suffering,  I  de- 
Jos.  LORING.  rived  ajoyful  satisfaction  which  made  me 
"  Com.  Gen/.  Prisrs.  very    happy."       For  a  sketch  of  Bloom- 
"  To  'whom  it  may  concern"  field  see  note  ante. 

1  Jones,     Pausch's    old    friend,       See         3  /.  e.  5  feet,  10  inches, 
note  on  page  79. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  14.1 

to  say  nothing  of  not  having  a  man  wounded, 
and  only  a  trifling  loss  of  a  few  knapsacks  con 
taining  some  small  articles  of  clothing. 

The  losses  on  our  side  are  very  considerable, 
for  the  reason  that  the  enemy,  during  the  whole 
engagement  which  lasted  half  an  hour,  continu 
ally  brought  up  fresh  brigades,  and  thus  had  a 
constant  supply  of  fresh  men.  The  enemy  are 
reported  to  have  numbered  from  8  to  9,000  men. 
It  was  impossible  to  discover  the  enemy's  losses 
on  the  battle-field,  as  each  retiring  brigade  is 
said  to  have  taken  with  it,  its  dead  and  wounded. 
An  exception  to  this,  however,  was  the  last  one 
on  the  field.  This  brigade  could  not  be  relieved, 
and,  consequently,  was  obliged  to  leave  its  dead 
and  wounded  in  the  woods  in  front  of  our  right 
wing.  Our  small  party  of  Indians  had  a  fine 
time  the  next  morning  in  plundering  and  (ac 
cording  to  their  wretched  custom)  scalping  them. 

With  the  approaching  night,  we  received 
orders  to  fall  back,  and  camp  in  a  piece  of  woods 
in  our  rear,  near  a  road  which  leads  from  the 
Hudson  to  Freeman's  house  and  farm,  where 
to-day's  engagement  took  place.1  I  was  to  en 
camp  between  the  gth  and  2ist  Regiments. 
The  whole  army  bivouacked  ;  and  as  I  passed  the 
place  where  Gen.  Phillips  was  stationed,  he  de- 

1  The  locality  thus  designated  yet  re-     and  is  owned  and  occupied   (1886)  by  a 
tains  the  name  of  "  Freeman's  Farm,"     farmer  of  the  name  of  William  Esmond. 


14.2  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

sired  to  know  what  artillery  brigade  was  going 
by  ?  I  replied  that  it  was  a  detachment  of  my 
own ;  whereupon  I  immediately  received  his 
compliments,  together  with  expressions  of  his 
personal  satisfaction  in  regard  to  the  action  of 
to-day. 

Gen.  Adj.  Capt.  Clark,1  received  similar  assur 
ances  from  his  Excellency,  Gen.  Burgoyne,  the 
same  evening  ;  and  the  following  morning,  I  re 
ceived,  through  Gen.  von  Riedesel,  the  same 
marks  of  satisfaction,  in  regard  to  myself  and 
men,  from  Gen.  Burgoyne.  This  I  faithfully 
communicated  to  my  detachment,  announcing  it 
to  the  oldest  and  the  youngest. 

I  cannot  pass  unnoticed  the  excellent  and  in 
trepid  courage,  as  well  as  the  indefatigable  labor 
of  the  two  artillerymen  Hausmann  and  Muller  ; 
also  a  wagon-master  Ziglamm.  The  latter, 
although  it  was  not  his  duty,  not  only  stood  the 
fire  without  flinching,  but  helped  to  unload  the 
carts,  which  stood  fifteen  paces  in  the  rear,  that 
there  might  be  no  lack  of  ammunition.  Under 
a  shower  of  ballets  he  reconnoitred  the  road  on 
our  march  up  the  hill;  and,  as  the  cannon  had  to 
be  drawn  mostly  by  men,  he  continually  sought 
for  opportunities  where  horses  could  be  used  to 
advantage.  The  only  one  who  lagged  behind, 

1  Sir    Francis  Clerke.     This    mistake     written   Clark.     He    was    killed   in    the 
probably    arose  from    the  fact    that    the     action  of  the  yth  Oct. 
English  pronounce  the  name  Clerke  as  if 


PAUSCtfS  JOURNAL. 

was  the  celebrated  wagon  army  surgeon,  and, 
perhaps,  formerly  mountebank  and  charletan, 
Unger  —  I  suppose  he  has  been  all  this  ere  now  ; 
for  he  has  constantly  "your  Excellency,"  "Your 
Grace,  etc  5  etc.,  on  his  tongue.  'He  is  a  "  bad 
egg"  -  such  as  could  scarcely  be  again  found  in 
the  whole  Roman  empire.  He  discovered  a 
safe  place  and  stayed  behind  with  his  bundles  of 
bandages  and  lint.  He  also  found  a  drum,  and, 
in  company  with  some  English  drummers,  got 
as  drunk  as  a  beast. 

The  position,  so  dearly  bought,  was  occupied 
according  to  command.  Every  body  remained 
under  arms  during  the  night,  but  not  another 
shot  was  heard.1 

aoth.  The  next  morning  all  the  wounded 
were  carried  from  the  battle-field  on  provision 
and  Infantry  ammunition  wagons,  past  us  to  a 
hospital  on  the  Hudson,  consisting  of  tents  and 
former  stables.  I  wish  they  had  been  taken  by 
some  other  route ;  for  it  is  ,an  unpleasant  sight 
for  all  soldiers,  causing,  as  it  does,  reflec 
tion,  and  awakening  in  them  timidity  and  even 
fear  of  the  future.2  There  are  daily  about 
twenty  or  more  deaths. 

1  "The  British     and   German     troops  challenging    of    the    sentries."       "  The 

bivouacked  on  the  battle-field,  the  Bruns-  German  Auxiliary  troops  in  Amirica." 
wickers    composing    in     part     the    right 

wing.     It  was  a  silent  night.     No  other  3  It  is  to  this  same  incident,  undoubt- 

sounds   were  heard,  except  the  groaning  edly    that      Anburey      refers,     when,    in 

and    sighing    of  the  wounded,  and    the  ipeaking  of  affairs  in  the   British   camp 


144  P^USCfTS  JOURNAL. 

The  dead  were  buried  on  the  field  of  battle, 
instead  of  on  the  hill,  because  breast-works  were 
thrown  up  there.1  Our  good  and  earnest  army- 
surgeon,  Heidelbach,  (whom  Counsellor  Schultze 
recommended  to  the  service  of  our  Prince  and 
for  which  we  cannot  be  too  grateful)  came  early 
this  morning  to  me,  kindly  hoping  to  be  of 
assistance  to  our  wounded  if  we  had  any.  But 
thanks  be  to  God,  I  had  not  one  man  with  the 
least  complaint.  From  here  he  went  to  the 
battle-field,  where  the  last  massacre  had  taken, 
place.  On  his  return,  he  told  me  that  behind 
the  enclosure  to  the  right  he  had  seen  over  fifty 
dead  bodies,  but  was  prevented  from  going  fur 
ther  by  a  fellow  whom  he  saw  leveling  a  gun  at 
him.  He  thought  it  best,  therefore,  to  leave. 
Shortly  after,  a  few  Englishmen  and  Germans 
came  over  to  my  quarters,  who  stated  that  they 
had  counted  about  250  dead  and  living,  but 
badly  wounded,  enemies.  They,  however  were 


just  after  the  action  of  the  1 9th,  he  says  :  to    the    hospitals;    others    at    their    last 

"This  friendly  office  to  the  dead,  though  gasp,   who  for  want  of  our  timely  assist- 

it  greatly  affects  the  feelings,   was   noth-  ance     must     have     inevitably       expired, 

ing    to   the    scene    in    bringing    in    the  These  poor  creatures,  perishing  with  cold, 

wounded :  the    one    were    past  all   pain,  and    weltering   in  their  blood,  displayed 

the  other  in  the  most  excruciating   tor-  such    a    scene,    it    must    be    a    heart  of 

ments,     sending   forth     dreadful    groans,  adamant  that  could  not  be  affected  by  it, 

They   had  remained  out  all  night,   and  even  to  a  degree  of  weakness." 
from  the  loss  of  blood  and  want  of  nour 
ishment,  were  upon  the  point  of  expiring          "The  dead  were   not  all  buried,  since, 

with    faintness  ;  some    of    them   begged  as  we  are  told  by  Anburey  who  was  there, 

they  might  lay  and  die,  others  again  were  the  first  two  nights  after  the  action  were 

insensible  ;  lome  upon    the  least  move-  rendered   hideous   by  the  howls  of  large 

ment  were  put  in  the  most  horrid   tor-  packs  of  wolves  that    were  attracted   by 

tures,  all  had  near  a  mile  to  be  conveyed  the  unburied  bodies  of  the  slain. 


PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL.  14.5 

unable  to  go  farther  having   been  several   times 
shot  at. 

This  afternoon,  the  whole  army  is  to  turn  out 
in  a  body.  In  consequence  of  an  order  I  re 
ceived,  I  sought  the  left  wing  of  the  German 
Division,  where  I  found  Lieut.  Dufais  encamped 
with  two  other  cannon,  which  were  silent  during 
yesterday's  action.  I  now  posted  my  brigade 
according  to  my  best  judgment  on  this  mount, 
and  then  encamped  with  the  entire  company  on 
a  line  close  behind  my  two  cannon.  My  brigade 
consists,  at  present,  of  only  two  6  pounders 
under  my  command  on  the  left  wing  of  the 
army.  Two  more  6  pounders  are  detailed  for 
the  use  of  the  Brunswick  Grenadier  Battalion  von 
Breymann,  which,  with  the  Chasseur  Battalion 
and  the  company  of  Yagers  (that  is,  what  is  left 
of  it)  under  command  of  Lieut.  Gen.  von  Brey 
mann  covers  the  right  flank  of  the  army  and  is 
called  the  "  corps  Breymann."  We  are  now 
encamped  on  Freeman's  Farm  near  Stillwater. 
At  Stillwater  stands  the  hostile  army  consisting, 
it  is  said,  of  12,000  men  in  an  entrenched  camp 
fenced  in  by  an  abattis,  and  occupying  a  very  ad 
vantageous  and  strong  position/  The  right 

1  The  tracea  of  Breymann's    intrench-  however,  is  a  misnomer.      Properly,  it  is 

ments  are   yet  to   be  seen   very    plainly.  BREYMANN'S  HILL.     It  was  at  the  north- 

They  lie  about  twenty  rods  north-west  of  west  corner  of  this  eminence  that  Arnold 

Mr.  Esmond's  farm-house.     The  place  is  was  wounded  in  the  action  of  Oct.  yth. 
a  rocky  mound,  considerably  elevated  by 

nature,  and  is  known  by   th.e  farmers   in  2  Selected  and  fortified   by   Kosciusko. 
the  vicinity  as  "  Burgoyne's  Hill."    This 

19 


14.6  PJVSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

wing,  resting  on  a  mountain,  has  the  Hudson  for 
an  appagement,  and  is  thus  protected  by  it.  The 
adjacent,  though  not  large  plain,  and  also  the 
road  to  Albany,  are  defended  by  strong  detach 
ments  as  far  as  the  river.  In  the  thickets,  in 
the  overgrown  gorges,  and  in  the  ravines  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain,  are  also  strong  detach 
ments  which  compose  their  pickets  and  senti 
nels.  By  means  of  these  pickets  and  sentinels 
they  throw  out  their  outposts,  as  it  were,  in  a  line, 
and  from  which,  also,  they  send  out  their 
patrols.  One  can  see  nothing  of  their  camp  or 
entrenchments  owing  to  the  dense  forests  which 
hide  them.  The  left  wing  of  the  enemy,  ac 
cording  to  report,  reaches  far  beyond  our  right 
wing  and  outnumbers  it.  They  are  said  to  be 
encamped  behind  thick  woods  in  an  abattis  and 
a  fortified  camp.  It  is  also  said  that  every  day 
and  every  hour  their  numbers  are  augmented  by 
the  arrival  of  militia  from  the  adjoining  pro 
vinces.  According  to  the  statements  of  deserters, 
they  number  over  12,000. 

The  left  wing  of  our  army,  under  Gen.  Ried- 
esel,  rests  on  a  mountain  opposite  the  right 
wing  of  the  enemy,  and  is  also  in  a  forest.  My 
four  6  pounders,  to  the  left  but  on  the  side  of 
the  hill,  are  there  for  the  protection  of  Capt. 
Schachten  of  the  Grenadier  Company  of  the 
Hesse- Hanau  Regiment.  Contiguous  to  the 
left  wing  of  the  army  one  officer  and  fifty  men 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  ^7 

of  the  Regiment  Hanau  are  stationed  close  to 
the  Hudson  on  the  plain,  in  front  of  a  bridge  on 
the  road  to  Albany  behind  a  little  Tete  de  pont. 
Five  to  six  hundred  paces  further  on  and  in  front 
of  a  house,  a  subaltern  and  ten  men  are  like 
wise  stationed.  This  forms,  as  it  were,  a  chain 
from  our  pickets  to  the  Hudson. 

Behind  our  left  wing,  down  on  the  plain 
[which  borders  the  river]  stands  the  Park  of  our 
heavy  Artillery,  our  ammunition,  provision  and 
baggage  train,  and  our  hospital  and  batteaux, 
together  with  a  few  companies  of  the  4/th  Eng. 
Reg.  —  partly  in  a  fortified  camp,  partly  not. 

Between  our  left  wing  and  the  enemy's  right 
are  a  swamp  and  a  very  deep  ravine,  covered 
with  heavy  bushes  and  trees,  which  begins  at  my 
post  (where  are  the  Regiments  Rhetz,  Specht 
and  Riedesel),  and  extends  to  a  point  where  the 
ravine  is  not  so  deep;  and  thence  to  an  eminence, 
thus  surrounding  a  few  English  regiments,  to 
wards  the  right.  Our  army  is  thus  encamped 
according  to  the  natural  formation  of  the  land. 
Farther  to  the  right,  and  across  a  valley  or 
ravine  which  divides  our  line,  begins  the  English 
camp.  This  extends  farther  to  the  right,  in 
front  of  a  piece  of  woods,  and  through  a  large 
field  of  Indian  corn  to  Freeman's  house.  On  the 
height  occupied  on  the  igth  of  Sept  ,  Brig.  Gen. 
Fraser  is  encamped,  who,  with  the  English 
Grenadiers  and  the  Light  Infantry,  forms  the 


148  PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

right  wing.  At  a  pretty  fair  distance  from 
Fraser  is  stationed  Lieut.  Col.  von  Breymann 
with  his  Battalion  of  Grenadiers,  the  Battalion  of 
Earner,  and  the  company  of  Yagers  in  front  of 
whom  are  encamped  the  Indian,  Canadian  and 
Albanian  volunteers  who  have  their  outposts  in 
front  of  the  whole  of  this  part  of  the  line.1 

Altogether,  including  English  and  Germans, 
our  army  (prima  piano]  numbers  5,000  men,  ex 
clusive  of  the  few  Indians  (the  most  of  whom 
strayed  away  and  returned  to  their  huts),  and  ex 
clusive,  also,  of  the  garrisons  left  at  Carillon,  St. 
John,  -Chambly,  Montreal  and  the  whole  of 
Canada.  Theso  garrisons  number  at  the  most 
4,000  men. 

2ist.  There  was  an  alarm  this  morning  among 
the  men  who  were  chopping  trees  in  the  woods 
for  the  purpose  both  of  making  a  clearing  in 
front  of  the  army,  and  of  opening  up  a  commu 
nication  between  the  pickets  and  outposts.  It  is 
very  evident  that  we  are  exceedingly  near  the 
enmy's  camp,  for  we  can  hear  their  drums  dis 
tinctly.  To-day  they  fired  salutes  of  thirteen  to 
fourteen  guns,  and  we  could  repeatedly  hear  their 
joyful  exclamation  4<  Hurrah  !  Hurrah  !  !  "  The 
cause  of  their  celebrating  this  festival  is  at  present 
unknown  to  us. 

xThe    Albanians,    however,    did  not     22d    Sept.  — See   Gen.    Riedescl,    vol.    \ 
reach  Burgoyne  until  two  days  later,  the     page  154. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


149 


The  position  of  our  left  wing  was  finished  to 
day,  and  the  tents  were  properly  pitched  —  a 
sure  indication  that  henceforth  our  march  will 
be  slower,  and  that  a  very  hot  day  [a  battle]  may 
be  expected. 

This  night  a  bridge  was  built  with  our  bat- 
teaux  across  the  Hudson;  and  on  the  opposite 
bank  a  beginning  was  made  on  a  Tete  de  Pont.1 

22d;  This  morning,  the  pickets  of  the  Regi 
ment  Riedesel  brought  in  a  prisoner  who  stated 
that  the  firing  of  yesterday  in  their  camp  was 
caused  by  a  report  that  the  Americans  had  re 
taken  Carillon.2  N.  B.  This  can  be  nothing  but 
a  lie. 


1  Anbury  in  his  travels,  in   his  picture 
of  the  burial  of  Gen.  Fraser,  gives  a  very 
fine  view  of  this  Tete  d»  Pont  mentioned 
by    Pausch.       The    reader    will    find   in 
Lotting*  s  Field  Book  of  the  American  Re-v 
olution,  a  reduced  copy  of  this  print. 

2  The  origin  of  this  report  was  the  suc 
cessful    raid  by  Lt.  Col.  Brown,  who  four 
days  previously,  on  the  1 8th,  had  surprised 
the  outposts  of  Ticonderoga   [Carillon], 
set  free  100  American  prisoners,  captured 
four  companies  of  Regulars,  a  quantity  of 
stores  and  cannon,  and   destroyed  a  large 
quantity  of  boats  and  an  armed  sloop. 

1  am  enabled  to  throw  new  light  upon 
this  raid  of  Col.  Brown,  at  least  from  a 
British  stand-point,  by  the  courtesy  of 
Mr.  J.  H.  Durham  of  Cape  Vincent, 
N.  Y.,  who  has  sent  me  the  following 
letter  —  the  original  of  which  he  owns 
and  which  is  now  for  the  first  time 
printed.  Mr.  Durham  "writes  that  the 
party  to  whom  this  letter  was  addressed 
was  a  clerk  of  Col.  Christie,  Quarter 
Master  Genl  to  his  Majesty's  forces  in 


America,  but,  who,  not  liking  the  mili 
tary  work  became  a  trader's  clerk  at 
Niagaia.  The  writer  of  the  letter,  came 
over  in  the  same  vessel  with  Goring. 
I  have  the  original  orders  of  Col.  Christie 
assigning  borh  men  to  vessels." 

The  letter  is  as  follows  : 
CARI.ETON  ISLAND,  March  24^,  :jj^. 

SIR  :  Very  agreeably  I  received  your 
letter  dated  Dec.  ist,  which  did  afford  me 
great  satisfaction  to  hear  of  your  agreeable 
situation.  About  a  month  before  I  left 
you  I  was  made  a  Master  Surveyor  at  the 
pay  of  4  stg.  per  day  and  remain  at  that 
pay  still. 

I  have  surmounted  many  difficulties 
along  with  Gen.  Burgoyen,  [«V]  but  es 
caped  being  a  Conventioner  by  being  on 
the  top  of  a  high  hill  close  to  Tyconderoga 
where  with  72  Artificiers  I  was  riseing  a 
Fortification  on  purpose  to  secure  Gen. 
Burgoyen's  retreat  it  he  was  obl'd  to  re 
treat;  but  the  unfortunate  Gen.  Burgoyen 
never  could  retreat  so  far  suppose  he 
[had]  tryed  it.  But  [he]  was  surrounded  ; 


PJUSCIfS  JOURNAL. 


23d.  This  morning,   also,  a  man  arrived    here 
who  represented    himself  as  a  messenger     from 


no  sooner  had  they  surrounded  the  British 
army  than  a  detachment  of  1500  of  the 
Rebellious  Crew  came  back  to  Tycon- 
deroga  to  retake  it.  Accordingly,  their  first 
attack  was  upon  me  on  tup  of  the  mount 
[Mount  Defiance]  of  which  they  took 
and  killed  every  man  of  us  but  9  of 
which  my  brother  and  myself  were  two  5 
after  a  retreat  almost  incredible  to  believe 
without  you.  was  to  see  the  Precipes  [pre 
cipice]  and  when  we  came  to  the  water 
side  our  difficulty  was  to  get  over  to 
Tyconderoga  but  fortunately  I  saw  an 
old  Battoux  which  we  all  got  into  but  [it] 


TlCONDEROGA  IN   1777. 


was  so  leaky  that  she  was  like  to  sink 
with  us,  but  we  kept  bailing  her  out  with 
hats  and  caps  the  best  way  that  we  could. 
We  had  no  oars  but  the  thorts  [thwarts] 
of  the  boat  that  we  paddled  with.  In 
this  condition  did  I  make  Tyconderoga 
all  tore  amost  to  pieces.  I  lost  all  my 
clothes  &  40  gineas  [guineas]  which  I 
had  in  my  purse  which  I  lost  in  the 
retreate  by  a  stump  that  tore  my  Breeches 
and  thy  [thigh].  In  short  I  lost  above  100 
pounds  that  morning  for  it  was  about  one 
o'clock  when  I  was  surprised.  As  soon 
as  Gen.  Powell  saw  my  condition  for  he 


PJUSCH'S  JO  URNJL.  1 5  I 

Gen.  Clinton  to  Gen.  Burgoyne.  He  was  first 
taken  before  Gen.  Riedesel,  who  at  once  sent 
him  to  the  Head-quarters  of  Gen.  Burgoyne, 
which  was  in  the  rear  of  that  of  Gen.  Riedesel.1 


was  Commanding  Officer  he  clothed  me 
and  all  my  few  people  that  was  with  me 
as  some  of  us  was  half  naked  as  we  was 
asleep  when  the  Cowardly  Villians  sur 
prised  us.  Gen.  Powell  commended  my 
Conduct  much  in  regard  to  my  desperate 
Retreate  and  he  gave  me  ao  more  Car 
penters  and  ordered  me  immediately  to 
rise  platforms  that  he  might  be  enabled 
to  mount  more  Cannon,  and  before  6 
o'clock  that  very  night  I  had  16  pieces 
of  Cannon  [mounted]  The  Rebels  keeped 
a  Constant  fire  on  me  from  the  woods 
with  small  Arms  and  wounded  several  of 
my  covering  party  but  never  touched  me 
nor  any  of  the  Carpenters.  About  8 
o'clock  the  Rebels  sent  in  a  Flagg  of 
tru:>e  to  us  but  Gen.  Powell  would  not  see 
[it]  and  ordered  us  to  fire  on  them  which 
we  did  and  out  of  5  killed  3,  about  to 
o'clock  they  attacked  us  but  we  always 
drove  them  off  with  loss  of  men.  This 
way  did  they  lay  seige  to  us  for  five  days, 
then  they  broke  up  the  seige  and  went 
against  Diamond  Island  ["Lossing's  Field 
Book  Rev.,  "  Vol.  I,  p.  1 14]  where  they 
were  totally  beat,  a  few  days  after  we  had 
the  news  of  Genl.  Burgoyens  Army  being 
Prisoners  and  about  3  weekes  after  Genl. 
Carleton  sent  orders  up  to  Genl.  P-jwell 
to  burn  up  Tyconderoga  to  the  ground 
and  return  to  Canada  with  his  men  which 
he  did.  I  came  to  St.  Johns  to  my  for 
mer  station.  Last  Fall  I  came  to  this  place 
along  with  the  Commanding  Engineer 
Lieut.  Wilm.  Twiss  [Ib.  page  134] 
who  is  my  friend.  I  am  in  a  very 
good  place  and  have  made  several  friends 
to  myself  by  my  sobriety  and  attention  to 
my  duty.  I  have  keppit  my  health  in  this 
country  very  well.  You  wanted  to  know 
where  the  Bakers  were,  Gallowey  is 
married,  and  is  baker  at  the  Isle  of  Oxe 


Noxe  \_Aux  Noix]  a  little  above  St. 
Johns;  Mahon  is  still  at  St.  Johns  Mas 
ter  baker  there  and  both  of  them  doing 
very  well.  Baxter  is  a  Foreman  at  St. 
Johns  and  is  very  well;  Loggan  in 
sisted  upon  his  discharge  but  whether  he 
went  any  further  than  Quebec  is  more 
than  I  can  tell ;  he  got  his  discharge  a  few 
days  before  I  come  here.  This  Garrison 
is  very  near  finished  and  I  may  venture 
[to  say]  is  the  strongest  post  in  NORTH 
AMERICA.  I  hope  it  will  be  an  honor  to 
our  Engineer  and  a  credit  to  the  other 
Master  Carpenters  and  me,  and  every 
Artificier  conserned  in  building  of  it. 
The  commanding  Offir.  of  this  place  has 
quarrelled  with  every  officer  in  this  place 
except  Mr.  Baker,  Capt.  Anderson,  and 
Gill  the  doctor,  so  that  no  officer  will 
speak  to  him.  I  return  you  my  hearty 
thanks  for  your  usefull  and  generous  pre 
sent  of  Potatoes  and  [you  may]  depend  if 
it  ever  lays  in  my  power  to  serve  you  I 
will.  I  hope  you  will  write  me  as  soon 
as  possible  and  will  much  oblidge  your 
most 

Ob't  Humble  Serv't, 
JOHN  CLUNES, 

Clerk  and  Foreman. 
To  MR.  GORING. 

1  Pausch  is  corroborated  by  the  Bruns 
wick  Journal^  which  states  that  u  Bur 
goyne  camped  between  the  English  and 
the  German  troops  of  Riedesel  on  the 
heights  at  the  left  wing."  This  state 
ment,  moreover,  receives  additional  con 
firmation  in  the  following  incident.  On 
one  of  my  visits  to  the  Battle-ground,  I 
pointed  out  to  Mr.  Wilbur  (on  whose 
land  we  were  then  standing),  the  place 
designated  by  the  Brunswick  Journal  as 
Burgoyne's  head-quarters.  ''That," 


I  <;2  PJVSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

In  the  morning,  between  three  and  four 
o'clock,  several  cannon-shots  were  heard.  It  is 
not  yet  known  whether  they  were  signals  made 
by  Gen.  Clinton's  corps  which  was  to  arrive 
from  Gen.  Howe's  army,  or  by  Col.  St.  Leger's 
troops,  who  were  expected  to  cross  Lake  Cham- 
plain  or  St.  George  and  with  whom  it  was  ex 
pected  would  be  our  Yager  Battalion  of  Hanau. 

24th.  To-day,  the  Tete  de  Pont,1  on  the  oppo 
site  side  of  the  river,  was  completed.  Everything 
remained  quiet  between  the  two  armies.  An 
entrenchment  of  newly  felled  trees  laid  on  top 
of  each  other  has  been  made,  The  battery  for 
the  cannon  and  howitzers  is  placed  on  the  hill ; 
and  the  openings  between  the  trees  are  filled  in 
with  earth.  On  the  outside,  too,  earth  is  thrown 
over  them. 

The  unpleasant,  and,  in  the  present  situation, 
detrimental  news  is  confirmed,  viz  :  that  Col. 
St.  Leger,  with  his  light  corps  of  expedition  up 
the  River  Mohawk  and  its  territory,  had  to 
abandon  it  in  consequence  of  the  superior  forces 
of  the  enemy  and  the  lack  of  provisions,  and 
retreat  to  Oswego.  We  also  learn  that  he  had 
to  recross  Lake  Ontario  and  the  river  St.  Law 
rence  as  far  as  Montreal.  We  look  for  him  now 

exclaimed   Mr.  Wilbur,   "  explains  what  to  find    great  quantities  of  old    gin  and 

I  have    often    wondered    at."     He  then  wine  bottles,  and  that,  until  now,  he  had 

stated    that    when     he    first  plowed   up  often    been    puzzled  to  know  "  how  on 

that  particular  spot,  he  was  accustomed  earth  those  bottles  came  there  !  " 


PAVSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


'53 


with  great  interest  by  way  of  Lakes  Champlain 
and  St.  George.  This  will  be  an  astonishing 
march.  I  wish  to  both  armies  great  patience 
and  pacific  inclinations  :  for  during  that  time1  one 
army  can  beat  the  other;  make  prisoners  in 
turn  ;  and  even  eat  each  other  !  This  news  is 
only  whispered,  not  spoken. 

It  is  also  surmised,  that  the  news  of  this  ill- 
fated  expedition  of  Col.  St.  Leger's  corps  has 
been  known  here  for  some  time  past,  because  a 
small  and  trusted  detachment  from  our  army 
was  sent  back  incognito  to  bury  a  small  number 
of  batteaux  and  to  "  hill  "  them  like  graves  of  dead 
soldiers,  that  they  might  not  be  discovered  by  the 
enemy.2 


'While  St.  Leger  is  making  his  march. 

"Intended  for  the  use  of  Col.  St.  Leger. 
It  is  rather  remarkable,  indeed,  how  this 
singular  bit  of  history  regarding  the  burial 
of  the  boats  is  corroborated  so  frequently. 

Upon  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Fort 
Schuyler,  or  Fort  Stanwix,  as  the  public 
always  preferred  calling  it,  St.  Leger 
hastened  with  his  scattered  forces  back  to 
Oswego,  and  thence  to  Montreal.  From 
that  post  he  proceeded  to  Lake  Champlain 
passing  up  the  same  to  Ticonderoga  for 
the  purpose  of  joining  the  army  of  Bur- 
goyne.  While  neither  himself  nor  Sir 
John  carried  this  intention  out,  some  of 
their  officers  did,  as  will  be  seen  by  re 
ferring  to  Sir  John  Johnson's  Orderly 
Book.  It  is,  however,  very  certain 
that  St.  Leger  fully  intended  to  join 
Burgoyne.  Thus  Gen.  Burgoyne,  in 
a  secret  and  confidential  letter  to  Gen. 
Riedesel  under  date  of  Sept.  10,  1777, 
writes  as  follows  "  *  *  I  have,  my  dear 

2O 


general,  to  intrust  a  little  matter  to  your 
care  during  your  stay  at  Fort  Edward 
I  desire  to  have  two  batteaux  with  their 
oars,  buried  as  quietly  as  possible.  It 
would  also,  be  well  to  shovel  earth  upon 
them  j  and  to  give  them  still  more  the 
appearance  of  graves,  a  cross  might  be 
placed  upon  each  hillock.  All  this  must 
be  done  in  the  night,  and  only  by  trust 
worthy  soldiers.  The  teamsters  cannot 
be  relied  on.  The  use  for  which  these 
batteaux  are  intended,  is  to  help  Lieut. 
Col.  St.  Leger  in  crossing  the  river,  in 
case  of  circumstances  forcing  him  to 
march  without  his  ships.  This  officer 
has  been  forced  by  the  bad  conduct  of 
the  Indians,  to  retreat  on  the  road  to 
Oswego.  He  has  however,  accom 
plished  this  without  loss,  and  is  now 
on  his  march  to  the  army.  I  have  sent 
him  orders  as  to  the  necessary  measures 
of  precaution  he  is  to  take  upon  arriving 
on  the  island  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake 
George.  If  he  finds  that  the  enemy 


154- 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


All  communication  between  us  and  Forts  St. 
George  and  Carillon  is  cut  ofF;  and  our  front  is 
therefore  better  protected  than  our  rear.1  This 
morning  the  advance-guard  of  our  non-commis 
sioned  officers  of  the  Regiment  Hanau,  on  the 
Albany  road  down  by  the  Hudson,  was  aroused 
by  a  hostile  patrol,  but  without  any  loss  on 
either  side.  With  this  exception  all  was  quiet 
on  both  sides. 

25th.  Early  this  morning,  shortly  after  2 
o'clock,  the  above  mentioned  post  of  subalterns 
was  again  attacked  by  the  enemy's  patrol,  three 


are  not  in  the  vicinity  of  the  road 
leading  to  the  army,  and  he  can  keep 
the  march  of  twenty-four  men  a  secret, 
he  is  to  cross  the  river  near  Fort  Edward, 
at  the  same  time  notifying  me  in  advance 
of  his  movement,  that  1  may  be  able  to 
facilitate  it  from  my  side.  I  have  told 
him  where  he  will  find  the  batteaux,  viz. 
inside  of  Fort  Edward.  I  have  given 
orders  to  Brigadier  General  Powell  to 
have  your  reserve  cross  at  the  same  time 
with  Colonel  St.  Leger,  and  to  leave 
those  only  behind  that  belong  to  the 
regiment  of  Prince  Frederick." 

The  sequel  to  this  burying  of  the 
batteaux  is  thus  told  by  Dr.  Gordon.  In 
writing  in  regard  to  the  cutting  off  of  Bur- 
goyne  by  Gen.  Stark's  capture  of  Fort 
Edward,  he  says  :  "  The  Americans  who 
had  been  ordered  there  [Fort  Edward] 
made  a  discovery,  which  they  gre3tly  im 
proved.  Below  the  fort,  close  in  with 
the  river,  they  found  the  appearance  of  a 
grave,  with  an  inscription  on  a  board  j 

4  here  lies  the  budy  of  Lieutenant  • .' 

They  were  at  a  loss  what  it  should 
mean.  On  searching,  they  discovered 
three  batteaux  [Riedesel  with  his  usual 
prudence,  had,  it  seemed,  buried  three  in 


stead  of  two]  instead  of  a  body.  These 
the  enemy  had  concealed.  Having  none 
of  their  own,  they,  by  the  help  of  them 
sent  scouting  parties  across  the  river  [the 
Hudson]  which  by  falling  into  a  track  a 
mile  and  a  half  beyond,  discouraged  the 
enemy's  parties  from  attempting  an  escape 
that  way  "  Thus,  Burgoyne's  and  Ried- 
esel's  efforts  only  redounded  to  the  aid  of 
their  enemies  !  It  was  undoubtedly  to 
this  action  of  Riedesel  in  burying  the 
batteaux  that  Burgoyne  refers  to  in  his 
"State  of  the  Expedition"  when,  in  speak 
ing  of  the  reason  why,  after  the  action  of 
the  igth  of  Sept.,  at  Freeman's  farm,  he 
did  not  immediately  retreat,  he  says : 
"  The  time  also  entitled  me  to  expect 
Lieut.  Col.  St.  Lexer's  corps  would  be 
arrived  at  Ticonderoga  ;  and  secret  means 
had  been  long  concerted  to  enable  him  to 
make  an  effort  to  join  me  with  proba 
bility  of  success."  The  boats  here  men 
tioned  by  Pausch,  however,  were  addi 
tional  ones  to  these  mentioned  by 
Riedesel,  and  have  never  been  found. 

1  A  curious  situation  for  an  invading 
army  ! 


ALBANY   IN    1777. 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

times  as  strong,  and  driven  back  upon  the  offi 
cer's  quarters.  Two  of  our  men  were  wounded 
and  one  was  made  a  prisoner.  It  was  afterwards 
learned  from  four  prisoners  taken  by  our  pickets, 
that  seven  of  the  enemy  were  wounded.1 

This  incident  caused  us  to  be  on  the  alert.  It 
did  not  last  long,  however,  the  enemy  retreated 
and  all  was  again  quiet. 

There  appeared  at  our  out-posts,  towards  12 
o'clock  at  noon,  two  of  the  enemy's  drummers 
bearing  a  small  white  flag.  Brig.  Maj.  von  Geis- 
mar  was  sent  to  meet  them,  to  whom  they  gave 
a  letter  addressed  to  Lieut.  Gen.  Burgoyne  from 
Gen.  Gates,  the  commanding  general  of  the 
hostile  army.  They  also  brought  a  package  of 
letters  to  some  of  our  officers --very  likely  from 
prisoners  of  war --after  the  delivery  of  which, 
they  retired. 

Gen.  Quarter  Master  of  the  Brunswick  In 
fantry,  Capt.  of  Engineers,  Gerlach,  was  sent 
over  the  bridge  with  an  escort  of  about  fifteen 
or  twenty  men  -  -  volunteers  from  this  region 

x  These    attacks    were    frequent.      On  stealthily   through  the  woods  until  they 

the    ist    of   Oct.,  some    American  skir-  were   within  a  few  yards  of  the  enemy's 

mishers  surprised  a  party  of  English  sol-  advance  picket-guard.      They  then  rushed 

diers,    who  were  digging   potatoes  in  the  out   from  the   bushes,  the  leader  blowing 

rear  of  the   British  head-quarters  'within  an    old  tin  trumpet  and  the  men  yelling. 

the  camp  and  carried  off  and  killed  some  There    was    no    time    for  the    sentinel's 

thirty  of  them.  hail.      "  Ground  your  arms  or  you  are  all 

In  fact,  the   British  camp  was  kept  in  dead  men  !  "  cried  the  leader.      Think- 

continual  alarm;  and  officers  and  soldiers  ing  that   a  large  force  had   fallen    upon 

were    constantly    dressed    and    ready  for  them  the  picket  obeyed  5  and  the  young 

action.     One  night  twenty  young  farmers  farmers  led  to  the  American   camp  over 

residing     near    the     English     camp    and  thirty  British  regulars, 
armed      with      fowling-pieces,    marched 


1^8  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

and  province.  They  made  their  way  through 
the  mountains  and  valleys  hoping  to  ascertain  the 
position  of  the  enemy's  camp,  and  the  position 
of  their  intrenchments.  Their  expedition,  how 
ever,  was  fruitless,  because  the  woods  prevented 
their  seeing  across  the  Hudson  ;  and  thus  with 
out  discovering  or  seeing  anything,  they  returned. 

26th.  All  remains  peaceable  and  quiet.  In 
the  evening  some  of  our  Indians  returned  from 
their  hunt.  The}'  brought  in  with  them  a 
prisoner  who  although  alive,  yet,  from  fear  and 
anguish,  was  half  dead.  They  also  had  with 
them  two  scalps,  which  they  had  taken  after 
their  own  neat  fashion  ! 

2/th.  Everything  remained  quiet  all  day  long. 
Toward  evening,  three  officers  of  the  enemy 
were  brought  in --at  least  they  pretended  to  be 
such,  though,  by  their  appearance,  nobody  would 
have  supposed  it  ! 

The  news,  that  was  circulated  a  few  days  ago, 
that  Washington's  army  was  totally  defeated  by 
the  troops  of  Gen  Howe,  and  that  the  remainder 
were  taken  prisoners  and  scattered,  is  to-day  [ap 
parently]  verified  with  much  certainty  in  our 
army,  out  it  is,  nevertheless,  not  believed. 

Extract  of  a  Journal  of  the  Campaign  of  1777, 
in  North  America  to  the  convention  at  Saratoga, 
where  we  had  to  surrender  as  Prisoners  of  War. 

G.  PAUSCH, 

Captain. 


NARRATIVE    OF    THE    Ac'rfbN    OF    OCT. 
AT  FREEMAN'S    FARM    NEAR  STILLWATER 
ON  THE   HUDSON. 


Oct.  7th.  In  the  forenoon,  I  received  an  order 
to  have  in  readiness  two  6  pound  cannon  with 
the  requisite  ammunition  :  also  my  Brigade, 
prepared  to  march  immediately  at  a  given  signal. 
About  10  o'clock,  there  gathered  in  front  of  the 
camp  and  on  the  Place  £ Armes  of  the  left  wing 
of  the  German  troops,  a  division  consisting  of  all 
those  portions  of  the  German  regiments  there 
represented.  Altogether,  these  numbered  about 
three  hundred  men  under  the  leadership  of  Lieut. 
Col.  Specht,1  the  commander  of  the  Infantry 
regiment  of  RiedeseL  To  this  latter  regiment, 
the  Regiment  Hesse  Hanau  furnished  i  officer, 
6  subalterns,  i  drummer,  and  75  privates  under 
the  command  of  Capt.  Schoel.  We  defiled  to 

1  Pausch     unquestionably     means    Lt.  the  Regiment  RiedeseL      On   this   point 

Col.  Spetb.      Col.  Specht,  second  in  com-  consult  Hadden    page    45,    where    Gen. 

mand   of  the  Brunswick ers  to  Riedesel,  Rogers  has   pointed  out  this  error  in  the 

was  Col.  of"  the  Regiment  Specht,  not  of  two  names  so  frequently  made. 


l6o  PJUSCfTS  JOURNAL. 

the  right  in  front  of  our  army  towards  its  righ 
wing  as  far  as  the  Brigade  of  Brig.  Gen.  Fraser, 
where  we  halted.  Here  I  found  already  assem 
bled,  among  other  regiments,  the  English  battery 
of  light  infantry  grenadiers,  the  Albanian  and 
Canadian  volunteers,  and  the  small  remnant  of  our 
Indians1  who  were^in  readiness  for  the  march. 
The  English  Artillery  furnished  two  howitzers, 
two  12  pound  and  four  6  pound  cannon  for  the 
right  wing  of  our  battery,  under  Lieut.  Dufais. 
Everything  being  quiet  along  the  lines,  I  went, 
myself,  with  the  first  named  two  cannon  of  my 
Brigade,  on  this  expedition. 

Behind  the  entrenched  camp  of  Fraser,  where 
we  halted  and  where  we  were  obliged  to  wait  for 
further  orders,  there  were  collected  in  Eraser's 
tent  the  Generals  of  the  army.  After  first  hold 
ing  in  it  a  council  of  war,  the  Generals  went  to 
another  tent,  in  front  of  which  the  Savages  were 
gathered,  and  announced  to  them  (as  I  suppose, 
according  to  the  usual  Indian  custom,  which  to 
me  is  utterly  unknown  and  unintelligible)  the 
order  of  to-day's  march  and  the  duties  required 
of  them.  This  conference  lasted,  in  all,  two 
hours,  when  we  again  resumed  our  march  ;  and 
the  reassembled  corps  once  more  started.  There 
were  now  added  to  the  German  Division  the 

1  1 80  in  number  $  the  greater  portion  of     for  their  cruelties  —  having    gt  ne    home 
the  Indians  —  displeased    at     the    repri-     several  weeks  before  this, 
mand  administered  to  them  by  Burgoyne 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL.       .  l6l 

small  remnant  of  the  Brunswick  company  of 
Yagers  consisting  of  about  100  men,  and  as  many 
more  of  the  Brunswick  Grenadier  Battalion. 
These  latter  constituted  the  entire  force  of  this 
small  corps,  now  reduced  to  about  fifteen  hun 
dred  men  in  all. 

Leaving  the  Brunswick   entrenchment  on  our 
right  and  finally  behind  us,   we  followed  a  road 
which    led  to  a  house   and   farm  not   far  distant. 
This    house    we  also  left    on  our  right,  and    at 
length    reached    some    underbrush     and    bushes. 
Here,  on  the  left  of  this  road,  we  found  an  out 
post  composed  of   subalterns  of  -the    Grenadier 
Battalion      von     Breymann,    which    we     passed. 
We  followed   the  road  farther  for  fully  half  an 
hour,  during  which  we  halted  several  times  both 
for  the  purpose  of  sending  out  the  volunteers  and 
Indians    on    reconnoitering  expeditions,    and  of 
making  the  road  passable  for  the  Artillery  over 
the  bridges.      The  reports  of  the  advance-guard 
continuing  favorable,  and  their  repeated  message, 
assuring  us  that  as  yet  every  thing  was  all  right, 
we    continued  to  march  for    the   length  of  time 
above  mentioned,  [viz.  half  an   hour]    when   we 
found    ourselves    in    front  of  the    extended    left 
wing  of   the    hostile   army,  of  which,    however, 
we  coujd  not  see  anything  whatever,  on   account 
of  the  dense  woods  and   the  distance.      Here  we 
found  a  small   cultivated  and   open  field   entirely 
surrounded  by    woods,  and  at  one  end  of  which 

21 


162  PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 

stood  a  small  habitation  entirely  deserted  by  its 
former  occupants.  Its  roof  had  been  converted 
into  an  observatory  from  which  all  the  adjutants, 
engineers  and  Quarter-Master  Generals  were  gaz 
ing  through  their  glasses.  Nothing,  however, 
could  be  discovered.  We  now  continued  our 
march  flanked  on  either  side  by  English  troops  ; 
and  at  the  same  time,  our  small  number  of 
Yagers,  the  few  men  composing  the  Chasseur 
Battalion,  and  the  Grenadiers  started  out  from 
one  side  of  our  line  to  reconnoiter. 

Meanwhile,  on  a  piece  of  ground  somewhat 
elevated  and  commanding  an  advantageous  and 
clear  position,  I  posted  my  two  6  pound  cannon 
at  a  distance  of  24  to  26  paces  from  each  other, 
and  50  paces  in  advance  of  the  front,  near  the 
place  where  the  Regiment  Hanau  adjoined  that 
of  Rhetz.1 

1  This  elevated  piece  of  ground  upon  half  an  hour   or  more  to  reach  it.      By 

which   Pausch  placed   his  two  six  pound  reference  to  the    map,  on   opposite    page, 

cannon,  is    now  (1886),    covered  by    an  the  reader   may  easily    trace    the    route 

orchard,  about  two  rods  east  of  the  road  taken  by  Pausch. 

leading  from     Quaker    Springs    to    Still-  Pausch  was  stationed  on  this  eminence 

water,  and  twenty  rods  south-east  of  the  between  the  English    and    the    German 

house,  now  (1886),  occupied  by  Joseph  Grenadiers  [see  Burgoyne's  Map  in  State 

Rogers.     The  exact  distance  bymeasure-  of  the  Expedition]  the  English  on  his  left 

ment    from  Eraser's   tent,   which  was  a  and  the  Germans  on   his  right.     It  is  to 

little    in    the   rear   of  where  is  now    Es-  this  particular  spot  that  Wilkinson  refers 

mond's     House    (see   preceding  note)    to  whtn  in  describing  it  after  the  battle,  he 

this  elevation  is    230  rods,  in  a  straight  says.    "The  ground  which  had  been  oc- 

line       This   measurement  was   made   for  cupied    by    the    British    Grenadiers    pre- 

me   by   my  friend,  Mr.    E.  R.  Freeman,  sented  a  scene  of  complicated  horror  and 

who  resides  near  Esmond's    House       By  exultation.         In    the     square    space    of 

the  wood  road,   however,  which     Pausch  twelve  or  fifteen  yards  lay  eighteen  grena- 

took,  it  i?   probably  30  rods  further.      It  diers  in  the  agonies  of  death  5  and   three 

may,  therefore,  well   havt   taken  Pausch  officers     were    propped      up  against    the 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  165 

Meanwhile,  work  was  still  progressing  on  the 
entrenchments  of  our  two  wings;  and  it  took, 
by  the  way,  ^  of  an  hour  to  march  from  one  wing 
of  our  army  to  the  other;  during  which  march, 
not  the  least  sign  of  the  enemy  was  seen,  nor 
were  we  molested  by  him  in  the  least.  Pre 
sently,  by  order  of  Major  Williams  of  the  Eng 
lish  Artillery,  the  two  12  pound  cannon  were 
brought  up  and  placed  in  front  of  the  above 
named  [deserted]  house,  and  after  being  made 
ready,  they  were  loaded.  No  one  knew  what  all 
these  arrangements  meant ;  but  I  shortly  after 
ward  learned  from  Capt  Gen.  Quarter-Master 
Gerlach,  that  it  was  intended  to  make  a  diversion 
at  this  point ;  and  that  the  corps  was  for  the 
protection  of  the  general  staff.  At  the  same  time, 
word  was  sent  into  the  entrenchments  of  Brey- 
mann  and  Fraser,  and  the  foragers  ordered  to  cut 
down  the  corn-stalks  yet  standing  in  our  rear. 
(This  is  called  "  foraging/')  An  English  officer 
now  arrived  in  haste,  saying  that  there  were  no 
cannon  on  the  flank  of  the  left  wing,  and  that  I 
must  immediately  send  one  of  mine.  Against 
this  I  protested,  on  the  ground  that  I  had  but  two 
cannon,  and  in  case  of  complying  with  his  wish 
I  should  only  be  able  to  serve  one  gun  ;  that  I 
desired,  if  it  was  a  general  order  to  march  there 

stumps  of  trees,  two  of   them   mortally  to  Joseph  Bird's  tent  where  his  wife,  after 

wounded,   bleeding    and    almost    speech-  arriving   in    Gates's    camp,    nursed    him. 

less."       It  was    here    that   Maj.    Acland  MS     Letter  from  Bird  R.   L.    Westover, 

of  the  English  Grenadiers  was  wounded,  of  Castleton,  Vt.,  (a  descendant  of  Bird) 

Maj.  Acland    when  wounded,  was  taken  to  the  translator 


1 66  PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

either  with  both  of  the  cannon  or  to  give  up 
neither-- one  cannon  being  no  command  for  a 
subaltern,  to  say  nothing  of  a  captain  ;  and  finally, 
that  they  had  four  6  pound  cannon  of  their  own, 
of  which  one  had  but  just  gone  past  the  left  wing. 
The  officer  at  this  made  himself  scarce1  and 
brought  no  other  order  ;  and  I  remained  at  the 
post  which  I  had  myself  chosen  and  occupied. 

After  the  lapse  of  half  an  hour  we  noticed  a 
few  patrols  in  the  woods,  and  on  the  height  to 
the  left  of  the  wood;  and,  at  the  same  moment, 
the  above  mentioned  two  12  pounders  opened 
fire. 

Shortly  after  this,  a  large  number  of  the 
enemy's  advance-guard,  who  were  in  the  bushes, 
engaged  our  Yagers,  Chasseurs,  and  Volunteers. 
The  action  extended  all  along  the  front,  the 
enemy  appearing  in  forqe.  During  this  time, 
and  while  both  sides  were  thus  contending,  and 
I  was  serving  my  cannon,  there  marched  out  of 
the  enemy's  entrenchment  on  their  left  wing,  at  a 
"  double  quick  3i  and  in  squares,  two  strong 
columns,  one  towards  our  right,  and  the  other 
towards  our  left  wing  ;  2  while,  at  the  same  mo 
ment,  additional  forces*  of  the  enemy  poured 
down  in  troops  to  reinforce  those  who  were 

1  Or  with  exact  literalness  <(  the  officer          3  These  "  additional   forces"   were  led 
evaporated."  by  Morgan  and  Dearborn. 

2  These  '*  two  columns  "  were  respec 
tively  under  Poor  and  Learned. 


P4USCFTS  JOURNAL.  167 

already  engaged  with  us,  and  advanced  madly 
and  blindly  in  the  face  of  a  furious  fire.  The 
attack  began  on  the  left  wing  with  a  terrific 
musketry  fire,  but,  in  a  few  minutes,  the  enemy 
repulsed  it;  while 'the  cannon,  sent  there  by  the 
English  Artillery,  was  captured  by  the  enemy1 
before  a  single  shot  had  been  fired  from  them. 
And  now,  the  firing  from  cannon  and  small  arms 
began  to  get  very  brisk  on  our  right  wing. 

At  this  junction,  our  left  wing  retreated  in  the 
greatest  possible  disorder,  thereby  causing  a 
similar  rout  among  our  German  command, 
which  was  stationed  behind  the  fence  in  line  of 
battle.  They  retreated  --  or  to  speak  more 
plainly  -  -  they  left  their  position  without  inform 
ing  me,  although  I  was  but  fifty  paces  in  ad 
vance  of  them.  Each  man  for  himself,  they 
made  for  the  bushes.  Without  knowing  it,  I 
kept  back  the  enemy  for  a  while  with  my  un 
protected  cannon  loaded  with  shells.  How  long 
before  this,  the  infantry  had  left  its  position,  I 
cannot  tell,  but  I  saw  a  great  number  advance 
towards  our  now  open  left  wing  within  a  distance 
of  about  300  paces.  I  looked  back  towards  the 
position  still  held,  as  I  supposed,  by  our  German 
infantry,  under  whose  protection  I,  too,  intended 
to  retreat--  but  not  a  man  was  to  be  seen.  They 
had  all  run  across  the  road  into  the  field  and 

1  It  was  upon  one  of  these  cannon  it  "  to  the  American  cause"  jumped 
that  Col.  Cilley  of  N.  Hampshire  leaped,  down,  turned  its  muzzle  and  fired  it  on 
waved  his  swurd,  and  having  dedicated  the  British  with  their  own  ammunition. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

thence  into  the  bushes,  and  had  taken  refuge 
behind  the  trees.  Their  right  wing  was  <hus 
in  front  of  the  house,  I  have  so  often  mentioned, 
but  all  was  in  disorder,  though  they  still  fought 
the  enemy  which  continued  to  advance.1  In 
the  mean  time,  on  our  right  wing,2  there  was 
stubborn  righting  on  both  sides,  our  rear,  mean 
while,  being  covered  by  a  dense  forest,  which, 
just  before  had  protected  our  right  flank.  The 
road  by  which  we  were  to  retreat  lay  through 
the  woods  and  was  already  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  who  accordingly  intercepted  us.  Find 
ing  myself,  therefore,  finally  in  my  first  men 
tioned  position  —  alone,,  isolated,  and  almost 
surrounded  by  the  enemy,  and  with  no  way  open 
but  the  one  leading  to  the  house  where  the  two 
1 2  pound  cannon  stood,  dismounted  and  de 
serted  —  I  had  no  alternative  but  to  make  my 
way  along  it  with  great  diiiiculty  if  I  did  not 
wish  to  be  stuck  in  a  damned  crooked  road.' 

After  safely  reaching  the  house  under  the  pro 
tection    of   a   musketry   fire --which,   however, 

1  "  The  brave  Major  Forster,  with  two  shoot  from   the  stump  of  the  one   under 
hundred   and    sixty   English    Grenadiers,  which    Fraser   was    when    he   was  shot) 
withstood  an  equally  severe  fire  on    the  marks  the  spot.      It  is  also  marked  by  a 
right  wing."     Memoirs  of  Gen.    Riedesel.  granite  tablet  erected   under  the   auspices 
Vol.  I,  page  206.  of  the    "  Saratoga    Monument    Associa- 

2  It  was  just  at  this  juncture  that  the  tlon- 

brave  Fraser,  while  attempting  to  rally  3  Pausch  does  not  exaggerate  it.  The 
the  troops,  was  mortally  wounded  by  Tim  old  wood  road,  traces  of  which  were  visi- 
Murphy,  one  of  Morgan's  sharp  shooters,  ble  up  to  within  twenty-five  years,  was 
The  precise  spot  where  he  was  shot  was  almost  serpentine  in  its  course.  See  map 
midway  between  the  orchard  where  on  preceding  page.  The  use  here  of  the 
Pausch  was  and  Roger's  House  (see  pre-  preposition  "  in  "instead  of  "  on  "  pi  ob 
vious  note).  A  bass-wood  tree  (a  ably  refers  to  the  muddincss  of  the  road. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

owing  to  the  bushes,  was  fully  as  dangerous  to 
me,  as  if  the  firing  came  from  the  enemy  -  -  I 
presently  came  across  a  little  earth-work,  18  feet 
long  by  5  feet  high.1  This  I  at  once  made  use 
of  by  posting  my  two  cannon,  one  on  the  right, 
and  the  other  on  the  left,  and  began  a  fire  alter 
nately  with  balls  and  with  shells,  without,  how 
ever,  being  able  to  discriminate  in  favor  of  our  men 
who  were  in  the  bushes  ;  for  the  enemy,  without 
troubling  them,  charged  savagely  upon  my  can 
non,  hoping  to  dismount  and  silence  them.  But 
in  this  attempt,  they  twice  failed,  being  frus 
trated  each  time  by  the  firing  of  my  shells. 
The  two  above  mentioned  12  pound  cannon  — 
in  serving  which,  Major  Williams,  Lieut.  York/ 
and  several  subaltern  officers  and  artillery-men 
had  either  been  captured  or  killed — stood,  where 
I  took  up  this  second  position,  as  it  were  dead 
and  deserted. 

A  brave  English  Lieutenant  of  Artillery,  by  the 
name  of  Schmidt  [Srnith'j  and   a  sergeant  were 

1  This  little  earth-work,  which  had  Yorke  are  to  be  put  under  the  command 

been  put  up  for  Burgoyne's  advanced  of  Captain  Mitchelson,"  etc.  He  be- 

pickets  while  encamped  between  the  came,  says  Gen.  Rogers,  a  Col.  in  the 

igth  of  Sept.  and  the  yth  Oct.,  can  Artillery  July  aoth,  1804,  and  was 

plainly  be  seen  in  the  map  of  this  action  drowned  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  Nov.  m, 

in  the  State  of  the  Expedition.  1805. 

a  John  H.  York,  who  in  1771,  was  a  3  Wm.  P.  Smith  here  so  highly 

ad  Lieut,  in  the  Battalion  of  the  Royal  praised,  was  commissioned  a  ad  Lieut. 

Artilery,  was  stationed  in  America  as  early  in  the  Royal  Artillery  in  1 77 1 .  He  was 

as  1772,  and  1773.  When  he  went  to  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  in  the  ac- 

Canada  is  not  known,  though  he  was  tion  of  Oct.  7th,  and  was  included  in 

there  under  Carleton  in  1776,  since  a  the  Cambrige  Parole.  He  became  a 

Brigade  order  by  Maj.  Gen.  Phillips  Col.  in  the  Artillery  the  same  day  as  his 

(given  in  Hadden's  Orderly  Book)  dated  fellow  soldier,  York,  viz.,  July  aoth, 

I4th  June,  of  that  year,  says  :  "The  two  1804;  and  died  at  Leith  fort,  July  a3d, 

pieces  of  cannon  under  Lieuts.  Smith  and  1806. 

22 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL 

the  only  two  who  were  willing  to  serve  the 
cannon  longer.  He  came  to  me  and  asked  me 
to  let  him  have  ten  artillery-men  and  one  sub 
altern  from  my  detachment  to  serve  these  can 
non.  But  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  grant  his 
request,  no  matter  how  well  disposed  I  might 
have  been  towards  it.  Two  of  my  men  had 
been  shot  dead  ;  three  or  four  were  wounded  ;  a 
number  had  straggled  off,  and  all  the  Infantry 
detailed  for  that  purpose,  either  gone  to  the 
devil  or  run  away.  Moreover,  all  I  had  left, 
for  the  serving  of  each  cannon,  were  four  or  five 
men  and  one  subaltern.  A  six  pound  cannon, 
also,  on  account  of  its  rapidity  in  firing,  was 
more  effectual  than  a  twelve  pounder,  with 
which  only  one-third  the  number  of  shots  could 
be  fired  ;  and  furthermore,  I  had  no  desire  to 
silence  my  own  cannon,  which  were  still  in  my 
possession,  and  thereby  contribute  to  raise  the 
honors  of  another  corps.  Three  wagons  of 
ammunition  were  fired  away  by  my  cannon, 
which  became  so  heated  that  it  was  impossible 
for  any  man  to  lay  his  hands  on  them.  .  In  front, 
and  also  to  the  right  and  left  of  my  guns,  I  had 
conquered  for  myself  and  for  those  who  were  in 
the  same  terrain,  a  pretty  comfortable  fort.  But 
this  state  of  things  lasted  only  a  short  time,  the 
fire  behind  us  coming  nearer.  Finally,  our 
right  wing  was  repulsed  in  our  rear  ;  its  infantry, 
however,  fortunately  retreating  in  better  order 
than  our  left  wing  had  done. 


PAUSCWS  JOURNAL.  171 

I  still  could  see,  as  far  as  the  plain  and  clear 
ing  reached,  the  road,  on  which  I  had  marched 
to  this  second  position,  open,  and  a  chance, 
therefore,  to  retreat.  Accordingly,  myself,  the 
artillery-man,  Hausemann,  and  two  other  ar 
tillery-men,  hoping  to  save  one  of  the  cannon, 
dragged  it  towards  this  road.  The  piece  of 
wood  on  the  cannon  made  the  work  for  us  four 
men  very  difficult  and,  in  fact,  next  to  impossi 
ble.  Finally,  a  subaltern  followed  with  the 
other  cannon,  and  placed  it  on  the  carriage. 
We  now  brought  up  the  other  carriage,  on  which 
I  quickly  placed  the  remaining  gun,  and  marched 
briskly  along  the  road,  hoping  to  meet  a  body  of 
our  Infantry  and  with  them  make  a  stand.  But 
this  hope  proved  delusive,  and  was  totally  dis 
pelled  ;  for  some  ran  in  one,  and  others  in  an 
another  direction  ;  and  by  the  time  that  I  came 
within  gun-shot  of  the  woods,  I  found  the  road 
occupied  by  the  enemy.  They  came  towards 
us  on  it ;  the  bushes  were  full  of  them  ;  they 
were  hidden  behind  the  trees ;  and  bullets  in 
plenty  received  us.  Seeing  that  all  was  irre 
trievably  lost,  and  that  it  was  impossible  to  save 
anything,  I  called  to  my  few  remaining  men  to 
save  themselves.1  I  myself,  took  refuge  through 
[behind]  a  fence,  in  a  piece  of  dense  under 
brush  on  the  right  of  the  road,  with  the  last 

1  "The  Hanau  Artillery  was  lost  by  the     moirs  and  Military  Journal  of  Gen,  Ried- 
retreat  of  the  English  Grenadiers  "     Me-     esel.     Vol.  I,  page  206. 


172  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

[remaining]  ammunition  wagon,  which,  with 
the  help  of  a  gunner,  I  saved  with  the  horses. 
Here  I  met  all  the  different  nationalities  of 
our  division  running  pell-mell --among  them 
Capt.  Schoel,  with  whom  there  was  not  a 
single  man  left  of  the  Hanau  Regiment.  In 
this  confused  retreat,  all  made  for  our  camp  and 
our  lines.  The  entrenchment  of  Breymann  was 
furiously  assailed;1  the  camp  in  it  set  on  fire  and 
burned,  and  all  the  baggage-horses  and  baggage 
captured  by  the  enemy.  The  three  6  pound  can 
non  of  my  brigade  of  Artillery  were  also  taken,  the 
artillery-men,  Wachler  and  Fintzell,  killed,  and 
artillery-man  Wall  (under  whose  command  were 
the  cannon)  severely,  and  others  slightly,  wounded. 
The  enemy  occupied  this  entrenchment,  and  re 
mained  in  it  during  the  night.  The  approach 
ing  darkness  put  an  end  to  further  operations  on 
the  part  of  the  Americans.  Meanwhile,  every 
thing  was  in  commotion,  and  we  were  all  on  the 
alert  behind  our  entrenchments. 

At  first,  I  thought  that  I  had  lost  my  servant 
and  the  horses  which  I  had  brought  with  me  and 
which  I  owned  ;  but,  luckily,  the  former,  seeing 
that  the  action  was  becoming  lively,  rides  back 
to  the  camp  with  my  horses  and  baggage  ac 
companied  by  the  detachment  of  Lieut.  Dufais. 
I  was  very  glad  to  see  him  ;  arid  far  from  cen- 

1  By  Gen.  Arnold. 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  173 

suring  the  happy  resolution  of  my  servant, 
praised  it  highly.  I  found,  also,  many  of  my 
runaway  artillery— men  in  the  camp,  and  also  all 
those  of  my  Infantry  command  who  had  taken 
early  "leg-bail/7  It  was  plainly  evident,  that 
they  had  runaway  in  the  early  part  of  the  en 
gagement,  from  the  fact  that  there  was  not  one 
of  them  dead,  captured  or  wounded. 

I  have  suffered  a  great  loss  this  morning  in 
my  company,  including,  also,  the  men  who  served 
the  two  cannon  in  the  camp  of  Lieut.  Col.  von 
Breymann1  when  it  was  surprised,  viz  :  four 
cannon  captured,  artillery-men,  Wachler,  Frint- 
zell,  Hausemann  and  Weil  killed,  four  artillery 
men,  H.  Miiller,  Paul.  Hartmann  and  Scheffer 
wounded  and  taken,  and,  also,  three  other  artil 
lery-men,  Zieuhler,  Pflug,  and  Johannes  Miiller. 
Two  drivers,  Vogt  and  Roth  were  likewise  cap 
tured.  There  were  also  three  artillery-men  slightly 
wounded,  though  not  taken  prisoners,  viz  :  Lotz- 
mann,  Becker  and  Fahrbach.  Four  6  pounders 
of  my  Artillery  Brigade  and  also  four  ammuni 
tion  wagons  are  lost  including  horses,  harness  and 
the  British  drivers.  All  these  belonged  to  the 

1  Lieut.  Col.  Heinrich  Christopher  advance,  whereby  it  is  asserted  Baum 
Breymann,  commanded  the  grenadier  bat-  was  sacrificed.  After  Baum's  defeat 
talion  sent  to  reinforce  Carleton  in  the  Breymann  was  attacked  and  repulsed 
spring  of  1776.  In  Burguyne's  campaign  with  heavy  loss,  but  managed  to  with- 
he  commanded  the  German  Light  draw  under  cover  of  approaching  dark- 
Brigade.  He  was  ordered  to  the  relief  of  ness,  himself  being  wounded. —  Note  in 
Baum  at  Bennington,  and  much  adverse  Hadden, 
criticism  has  been  made  upon  his  tardy 


J74  PAUSCffS  JOURNAL. 

Royal  Artillery,  none  of  ours  being  among  them 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  articles  of  minor 
importance. 

The  entire  remnant  of  my  Brigade  consists, 
therefore,  of  only  two  6  pound  cannon,  four 
ammunition  wagons,  three  wagons  with  shovels, 
hoes,  etc.,  and  two  requisition  carts. 

Gen.  Fraser1  and  Lieut.  Col.  von  Breymann 
were  mortally  wounded  in  to-day's  engagement, 
the  latter  being  a  prisoner.2  I  also  know  of  two 
captains  of  the  Regiment  Brunswick,  and  En 
sign  von  Gargling  of  the  Regiment  Hanau,  who 
are  wounded.  Our  other  losses  small  and  great 
are  as  yet  unknown,  with  the  exception  that 
Lieut.  Col.  Speth,  with  a  few  of  his  officers, 

were  made  prisoners  at  the  last  moment. 

i 

This  much,  however,  is  certain  ;  that  both 
sides  have  sustained  heavy  losses.3 

1  Fraser  died  in    a  little    farm    house,     also,  says,  the   Brunswickers  fled  leaving 
tenderly    ministered  to   until  the  last  by     Breymann  "  dead  on  the  field." 

the  Baroness  Riedesel.   See  the  Letters  of         3  The  British  and  German  troops  who 

this  admirable  woman  for  ^  a  detailed  ac-  were   killed   in  the    battle    were   slightly 

count  of  his  death  and  burial.  covered  with  earth  and  brush  where  they 

2  This  statement  of  Pausch  regarding  fell,  apparently  unlamented  by   friend  or 
the    capture  of  Breymann,  differs    from  foe.     "  It  was  not  an  uncommon  thing," 
that  made  by  Max  von  Eelkingor  rather  says  Neilson,  "after  the  land  was  cleared 
by    Riedesel,  since  Eelking's  work    was  and  began  to  be    cultivated,  to   see    five, 
founded  entirely    on    Riedesel's    memo-  ten,  and  even  twenty  human  skulls  piled 
randa.       Eelking,  after  speaking  of  the  up  on  different  stumps  about  the  field." 
attack    on  the    Great     Redoubt,     says  :  I  have  myself,  when  a  boy,  seen   human 
u  another  body  at  the  same  time  attacked  bones  thickly  strewn  about  on  the  ground, 
the  embankments  of  Breymann's  division  which    had    been    turned    out  with    the 
in    front   and    on  the    left    flank.      The  plow.      "  Near    the    place    where   Fraser 
Grenadiers,  comprising  this  corps  fought  fell,    a    hole    was    dug    into    which    the 
bravely,    but    being    only    two     hundred  bodies  of  forty  soldiers  were  thrown,  after 
strong,     and     their      commander — the  being  stripped    of  their  clothing   by    the 
chivalric  Breymann  being  shot  dead,  they  women  of  the  American  camp." 

were  compelled  to  retreat."     Wilkinson, 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL.  175 

It  was  very  quiet  all  day  at  the  left  wing  of 
our  army,  with  this  exception,  that  the  pickets 
and  patrols  fired  on  each  other  occasionally.1 

After  night  had  fully  set  in,  everything  was 
perfectly  quiet. 

I  cannot  sufficiently  praise  the  exceptionally 
brave  and  gallant  conduct  of  subaltern  Moer- 
schell  and  Artillery- man  Housemann  during  the 
action  of  to-day.2  In  the  deepest  submission  to 
the  favor  of  your  Highness,  I  feel  it  my  duty  to 
recommend  particularly  Moerschell,  on  account 
of  his  good  conduct,  ambition,  correct  life,  and 
punctuality  in  the  service. 

Extract  from  my  Journal. 

G.  PAUSCH.J 

END  OF  CAPT.  PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 

1  But  it  was  more  than  the  occasional  3  It  may  be  interesting  to  those   who 
exchange  of  shots.     It   was   quite  a  skir-  have  followed  Pausch  in  his  manoeuvres 
mish  and   took  place  on  the   river    bank  during    the    two    actions,  to  know  what 
just  before    the   main   action  began.     It  relics    there  are  still    (1886),  remaining 
was  this   affair   which    gave    rise   to  the  on  the  Saratoga   battle-field  to  recall  the 
council  of  Gates    and  his  staff  (see  W51-  stirring  scenes  enacted  on  its  site.   Among 
kinson)    called    to    decide   whether    this  these  may  be  mentioned  the  following — 
skirmish   was  a  feint  on  the   part   of  the  all  of  which  I  have  myself  verified. 
British,  or  whether  the  real  attack  would  First.   The     breastworks     which    sur- 
be  on  the  high  ground  to  the  Americans*  sounded  Riedesel's  Brunswickers,  and  at 
left.     The  latter  view  which  was  adopted  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  which  the 
and  acted   upon,    was,  as   we  know,    the  Hanau  artillery,  under  Captain   Pausch, 
correct  one.  was  placed  (enclosing  an  area  of,  perhaps, 

twenty  acres),  are  yet  easily  traced,  being 

2  Pausch,     himself,    was    also    a    very  still   two,   and,  in  some   places,  five  feet 
brave  officer.      His  company,   which  he  high.     In  the  center  of  this  space,  and  in 
commanded  in    person    at  the  Battle  of  the  midst  of  a  dense  wood,  is  seen   the 
Bennington,  suffered  terribly  on  that  oc-  old  camp-well   used    by  this    portion    of 
casion  where,  by  the  way,  he  likewise  lost  Burgoyne's   army.     [A   large    portion    of 
two  of  his  guns  in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  British  camp,  after  the  action  of  the 
Saratoga.  J9tn>  was  °n  the  site  of  that  battle.] 


i76 


PAUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


Second.  The  traces  of  Breymann's  en 
trenchments  are  yet  to  be  seen  very 
plainly.  The  place  is  considerably  ele 
vated  by  nature,  and  is  known  among 
the  farmers  in  the  vicinity  as  Burgoynes 
Hill.  Properly,  it  should  be  as  men 
tioned  in  a  preceding  note,  Breymann's 
Hill.  It  was  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
this  eminence  that  Arnold  was  wounded. 

Third.  The  stump  of  the  bass-wood 
tree,  with  another  large  tree  grown  out 
of  its  top,  under  which  General  Fraser 
was  seated  on  his  horse  when  mortally 
wounded  by  Morgan's  sharp-shooter,  Pat 
Murphy,  yet  stands  by  the  siae  of  the 
road. 

Fourth.  The  house  which  was  the  head 
quarters  of  Generals  Arnold,  Learned, 
and  Poor,  before,  during,  and  after  the 
two  actions,  is  still  standing  in  excellent 
preservation. 

Fifth.  The  barn  which  served  as  a 
hospital  for  the  wounded  Americans  re 
mains  to  mark  the  spot  where  so  many 
gallant  men  suffered  and  died,  the  timbers 
of  which  are  as  solid  as  when  first  put  in. 

Sixth.  The  foundations  and  cellar  of 
the  house  in  which  General  Fraser  died 
while  being  ministered  to  by  Madam 
Riedesel,  are  yet  clearly  seen  by  the  river 
bank. 

Seventh.  The  "  Ensign  House,"  which 
received  a  portion  of  Burgoyne's  wounded, 
together  with  the  tall  Dutch  clock  which 
ticked  off  the  numbered  minutes  of  the 
dying,  still  remains. 

Eighth.  The  sleepers  of  the  bridge 
which  Burgoyne  threw  across  the  "  great 
Ravine,"  just  before  he  crossed  it  and  fell 
n  with  the  scouting  party  of  Morgan  on 


the  afternoon  of  the  J9th,  are  pefectly 
sound. 

Ninth.  Numerous  trees,  which  were 
standing  at  the  time  of  the  battles,  still 
keep  in  their  trunks  the  bullets  fired  from 
the  guns  of  Cilley's  New  Hampshire 
troops.  [While  at  Saratoga  in  the  sum 
mer  of  1885,  a  farmer  brought  in  a  load 
of  wood  cut  on  the  battle-field.  One  or 
the  sticki  had  embedded  in  it  twelve 
grape-shot] . 

Tenth.  Not  a  season  passes  that  can 
non-balls,  grape-shot,  skeletons,  stone 
and  iron  tomahawks,  short  carbines  used 
by  the  German  Yagers,  and  similar  relics, 
are  not  plowed  up  by  the  husbandmen. 
Indeed,  I  myself,  a  few  summers  ago, 
picked  up  a  gilt  button  of  the  32d  High 
landers,  and  a  silver  buckle,  on  the  site 
of  the  bloody  fight  of  that  regiment, 
which  Wilkinson  has  in  mind  when  he 
writes  :  l<  In  a  square  space  of  twelve  or 
fifteen  yards  lay  eighteen  grenadiers  in 
the  agonies  of  death,  and  three  officers 
were  propped  up  against  stumps  of  trees, 
two  of  them  mortally  wounded,  bleeding 
and  almost  speechless." 

Through  the  zealous  and  patriotic 
efforts  of  Mrs  Ellen  Hardin  Walworth 
of  Saratoga  Springs — a  Trustee  of  the 
Saratoga  Monument  Association  and 
whose  great-grandfather  Col.  Hardin, 
was  in  the  battles  —  granite  tablets  have 
already  been  placed  on  several  of  the 
above  mentioned  historic  spots  on  the 
battle-field  — each  of  which  bears  appro 
priate  inscriptions,  telling  the  passer-by 
what  it  commemorates,  together  with  the 
name  of  the  donor. 


INDEX. 


A  GLAND,  Maj.,  165 

1  ~*      Albanian       Volunteers, 

160 

Albany,    146 

Amazon,  a  frigate,  47,  48 
American  Volunteers,  165 
Anburey,  quoted,  143,    144 
Anderson,  Capt.  151 
Andernach,  22 
Anticosti  Island,  58 
Army    s'nithey  at   St.    Johns, 

T32. 
Arnheim,  26 

Arnold,    Gen.,  Sketch  of,  by 
Rogers,  85,    172,  176 

DACH,  Lieut.,  23,  31,  40, 

D     68,73,79 
Baden  Intantrv,  2,  26 

Balcarras,  Lord,  139 

Barrier,   Maj.,   Commander  of 

the  Brunswick   Battalion  of 

Chasseurs,  89 
Barner's  Light  Infantry,  93 


Barnes,    Lieut.,    Dep.    Quar. 

Mas.  Gen.,  129 
Batiscamp,  93 
Battle  of  Sept.  I9th,  132 
Battle  of  Oct.  7th,  139,  159 
Baum,  Col.,  173 
Baxter,  a  foreman,  151 
Bechtell,  a  boatman,  26 
Becker,  Artillery-man,    173 
Bennington,    Battle    of,     173, 

J75 
Berthier  Parish,  65,    89,    93, 

103,  120 

Bischle,  cannonier,  23 
Bingen,  20 
Bird,  Jos.,    165 
Bloomrield,    Maj.   Thos.,   23, 

76,  86,  140 

Boetzig,  Lieut,  von,  89 
Bonn,  23 
Boston,  58 
Brads,   head-smith,  102,    109, 

1 10 
Breton,  Cape,  56 


3 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


Breton,  North  Cape,  57 
Breymann,  Lieut.   Col  ,    145, 

148,  151,  173,  174 
Breymann's  (Brunswick)  En 
trenchment,  148,  161,  172, 

i76 

Breymann's  Grenadier  Battal 
ion,  161 
Breymann's  (Burgoyne's)  Hill, 

145,  176 
Bristol,  42, 
British  camp,  175 
British   Grenadiers,  162,  165, 

168,  171 

Brown,  Col.,  149 
Brunswick  Grenadiers,  73,  93 
Brunswick  Chasseurs,  137 
Brunswick  Infantry.    157 
Brunswick,  Duke  of,  4,  37 
Brunswick  Troops,  39 
Brunswick,  Regiment  of,  174, 

175 

Buckroth,  24 

Biinau,  Regiment  of,  42 
Burgoyne,   Lieut.    Gen.,     80, 
81,    115,     117,    119,    121, 
123,  125,    130,    136,    137, 

140,    142,    149..   IS1;    J54 
Burgoyne's  Campaign,  Stone's 

Hist,  of,  referred  to,  133 
Burgoyne's  Army,  175 
Butler,    Dr.     James    A.,    see 

Preface 

/CALASH,  Description  of  a, 

<-  7° 

Cambridge   Parole,  17,   169 
Camille  Mountains,  59 


Canadian  Volunteers,  160 

Cape-de-la-  Madelain,  93 

Cape  Race,  51 

Cape  Ray,  51,  56 

Carleton,  Lieut.  Gen.,  63,  66, 
82,  98,  103,  104,  113,  115, 
118,  121,  124,  125,  169, 

^  J73 
Carleton,  a  frigate,  83 

Carter,  Capt.,  74,  75 

Cassel,  1  8,  126 

Cassel,  State  Library,  18 

Castleton,  Vt.,  165 

Caub,  21 

Chambly,    63,    64,    89,    123, 

148 
Champlatn  Lake,  61,  62,  63, 

69  ;  Naval    Battle   on,    82, 

85,  152,  153 

Charlottesville,   Va.,  139 
Chasseur  Battalion,  162,    166 
Chevalier       Pfalz      Artillery, 

126 
Chimney  Point  (Lake  Cham- 

plain),  85 

Christie,  Col  ,  149 
Cilley,  Col.,  167 
Cilley's       New       Hampshire 

troops,  176 
Cleaveland     (Clieland),     Adj. 

Samuel,  124,  127 
Clerke    (Clark),     Adj.   Gen., 


, 
Clinton,    Gen.   Henry,     151, 

152 

Ciunes,  Jos.,  151 
Coblentz,  21,  22 
Coin,  23 


INDEX. 


179 


Crown-Point,  81,  85,  89 
Cur-Trierische,     Frontier    of, 

22 

p\ALGLEISH,  John  J.,  of 
*^      Westgrange,     Scotland, 

i38. 

Dalgleish,    John,    grandfather 

of  John  J.,   participates   in 

the   battles  of  Saratoga,  139 

Davis,   A.   McF.,  quoted,    57 

DeLoup,    River,    65  ;   Parish 

ofi  93 
De  Peyster,  J.  Watts,  138 

Diamond  Island,  151 

Donop,  Count,  43 

Dort,  32 

Dortrecht,  32,  34 

Dufais,  Col.,  28,  31,  32,  35, 
37,  64,  72,  83,  84,  87, 
106,  109,  114,  118,  135, 
145,  160,^172 

Duplesse,  Capt.,  43 

Dupres,  Maj.  Gen.,  129 

Durham,  J.  H.,  149 

Diisseldorf,    24 

CALKING,       Max       von, 
*-*     quoted,  19,  174 
Electoral  Palatinate,  126 
Emmerich,  25 
Encke,  Artillery-man,  72 
Engelhard,  cannonier,  67 
Engell,  Bombadier,  84 
English  Artillery,   165,  166 
Ensign  House,  The,  176 


Erfuit, 


23 


Esmond,  Wm.,  141 


Esmond      Farm-house,     145 
162 

pAHRBACH,        Artillery- 

man,   173 

Fauburg  de   Recollects,    122, 
Faucitt,  Col.  Wm.,   4,  5,  11. 

29,  31 

Fischer,  Henry  A.,  see  Preface 
Fort    Carillon    (Ticonderoga) 

102,  148,  149 
Fort  Edward,  154 
Fort    George  (Lake    George) 

_  J33 

Fort  Leith,  169 

Fort  St.  Anna,  93 

Fort  Stanvvix,  66,  153 

Fort  Ticonderoga,    102,  150, 

,  '53 
Foster,  Maj.,  168 

Foy,  Adj.  Gen.  Edward,  103, 

119 

Franktort,  20 
Eraser,  Gen.    139,   147,    160, 

168,  174,  176 
Frederick       II,        Hereditary 

Prince  of  Hesse-Cassel,    I, 

3,6,  n,  13,  17 
Freeman's    Farm,    Battle    of, 

132,  141,  145,  154 
Freeman's  House,  141 
FVeeman,  E.  R.,  quoted,    162 
Freesland,    a     Holland    Ship, 

4* 

Friedendorf,  Capt.,  134 

Frintzell  (misprint  for  Freit- 
zel)  an  Artillery-man,  172, 
173 


i8o 


PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 


,  Brig.  Gen.,  64,  67, 
97,  98,  104,  109,  120 
Gargling,  Ensign  von,  174; 
Gates,  Gen.,  139,  157 
Gates,  camp  of,  165 
Gates,  council  of,  175 
Geismar,   Col.  von,   89,    136, 

^37'  '57 
George  II,  1 1 

George  III.  2,  5,  u,  36 
George,  Lake,    153 
Gerlach,      Capt.     and     Quar. 
Mas.  Gen.,    123,  157,   165 
Germaine,  Lord  George,  66 
German,  Capt.  von.  89 
German  Grenadiers,    162 
Gill,  Dr.,  151 
Gloucester,  a  brig.,  41 
Gold-Fish,  English,  56,  57 
Gordon,  Maj  ,113 
Goring,  Mr.,  151 
Goulard,  a  frigate,  47,  48 
Great  Redoubt,  The,  174 
Great  Ravine,  The,    176 
Guilderland,  Fortress  of,  30 
Guitton,  a  banker,  44 

HADDEN'S  ORDERLY 
BOOK,      quoted,      63, 
8l.    I  T2,    169,    173 

Hague,  The,  27,  30,  35 
Halifax,  58 

Hanau,    Town  of,  17,  22,   29 
Hanau,  Fortress  of,  18 
Hanau,   cost    of    Articles    at, 

101 
Hanau  ships,  34 


Hanau,     Regiment    of,      162, 

172,  174 

Hanau  Artillery,  171,  175 
Hardin,  Col.  John,  176 
Harow   Mr.,  Supt.  of  Sailors, 

78 

Hartmann,  cannonier,  173 
Hausemann,  cannonier,     142, 

\7l*  *73'  '75 
Heidelbach,  Surgeon,  144 

Helvoethuys,  36,  37 
Hermann,  Lieut.,  75. 
Hesse-Cassel,    Landgrave    of, 

4^   17 

Hesse-Cassel,  Town  of,  17 
Hesse-Hanau     Artillery,     19, 

52,  69,  75,  129,  130 
Hesse-Hanau,    Regiment    of, 

19,   25,  93,  9*C'32>   H7> 

J54,  159 

Hessian  Chasseurs,  45,  130 
Hessian  Grenadiers,  45 
Hessian  Troops,  39 
Highlanders,  32d  Regiment  of, 

176 

Hoag,  Mr.,  133 
Hoover,  commander,  29 
Hospital    Guard   (Samaritans), 

118 

Hotel  Dieu  (Montreal),  61 
Houghton   Lieut.,  a   fire-mas 
ter,  75 

Howe,  Gen.,  152,  158 
Hudson  River,  132,  133,  141, 

H^,  154.  158 

jBBETSON,  Miss,  80 
A     Indian  Volunteers,  160 


INDEX. 


181 


Inflexible  The,  a  frigat?,  83 

Isle  au  Bas,  97 

Isle  aux  Noix,  78,81,88,  92, 

102,  123,  151 
Isle  d'Orleans,  97 
Isle  of  Wight,  47,  55 

JACOBS,  Capt.,  48 
J      James  IV,  113 
Johns,  Capt.,  140 
Jone-s,  Capt.  Thos.,  79,  81 
Juno,  a  ship,  32,  41,  51 

KAISER,  wagon-master,  132 
Kass  (Cassel),  126  • 
Kent,  Duke  of,  60 
Kurtzleben,  Capt.  43 

T    A   BLAND,  a  frigate,  62 

Lj     La  Cole,  River,  81 

La  Prairie,  64,  67,  89,  128 

La  Savanne,  89 

La  Valentine,  Parish  of,  98 

Learned,  Gen.,  166 

Leith,  Scotland,  169 

Leutz,  Col.,  89 

Leyden,  27 

London,  35,  42 

London    Chronicle,      quoted, 

P      "3      . 

Longeuil,  Seigniory  of,  89,  90, 

92,  127,  128,  129 
Loring,  Commissary  Jos.,  140 
Lossing's  Field  Book,  referred 

to,  149,  151 

Lotzmann,  cannonier,  173 
Lowell,     Edward    J.,     Intro 
duction  by,  1-18 


X/f  AINZ,  20 

MaKburg,  Frederick  de, 

6,  16,  17 

Manual,  a  transport  frigate,  46 
Marburg,  Archives  of,  18 
Maria,  a  frigate,  82 
Marie  River,  20 
Marknam,  W.  T.,  163 
Marschalk,  Maj.  Gen.,  21 
Mary,    Princess,     daughter  of 

George  II,  I 
Mary,  a  vessel,  63 
Masqumonge,  Parish  of,  93 
Mastnche,  65 
Meredith,  Hannah,   113 
Meuse  River,  32 
Mitehelson,  Capt.,  74,  78 
Mohawk  River,   152 
Moeler,  Robert,  see  Preface 
Moerschell,  a  Subaltern,   175 
Money,    yuar.     Mas.    Gen., 

90,  91 
Montreal,  6 1,  89,  90,  95,  96, 

98,  99,  103,  121,  122,  128, 

129,  132,  148,  152,  153 
Morgan,    Gen.    Daniel,    134, 

136 
Mount     Defiance    (Ticonder- 

oga),  150 
Miiiier,    ri.,   cannonier,    142, 

'73 

Miiiier,  Johannes,  173 
Murphy,  "Pat,"  168 

XT  ANTZ,  cannonier,  109 
Neilson,    quoted,    162, 

T  '74,  '75 
Ncuwied,  22 


l82 


PAUSCWS  JOURNAL. 


Newfoundland,  Banks  of,  51 
Nicholas,  Island  of,  58 
Nieuenheim,  Count,  26 
Nimwegen,  27,  30,  34 
North  Wesselj  24 

p|BERWINTER,  22,  23 
W     Offenbach,  20 
Ontario,  Lake,    152 
Oswego,  152,  153 

DAPINEAU,  Mrs.    L.    J. 

A.,  Letter  of,  89 

Paul,  cannonier,  173 

Pausch,  Capt.  George,  what 
is  known  of  him,  17  ;  sets 
out  for  America  with  his 
company  from  Hanau,  19  ; 
has  difficulties  with  the  Cus 
tom-House  officers  in  pass 
ing  through  Holland,  26- 
32  ;  embarks  on  the  Trans 
port  ship,  Juno,  for  Que 
bec,  32  j  touches  at 
Spithead,  39 ;  visits  and 
describes  l*ortsmouth,  44- 
46 ;  sets  sail  from  the  Isle 
of  Wight  for  Canada  under 
convoy,  48  ;  falls  in  with 
an  American  Privateer,  50  ; 
meets  with  an  iceburg,  55  ; 
arrives  at  Cape  Breton,  56  ; 
catches, eats  and  enjoys  Eng 
lish  gold-fish,  57  ;  reaches 
the  Island  Nicholas,  58  ; 
arrives  at  Quebec,  59  ;  at 
Montreal,  63  ;  at  Chambly, 
64;  his  travels  in  Canada, 


Pausch,  Capt.  Geo.  —  con. 
65,  and  forward ;  receives 
an  order  from  Maj.  Bloom- 
field,  73  ;  describes  the 
Naval  Battle  on  Lake 
Champlain,  82 ;  receives 
orders  from.  Gen.  Philips, 
87—90 ;  supplies  his  men 
with  overalls,  socks,  caps, 
mittens,  etc.,  93  ;  in  bar 
racks  at  Montreal,  99  ; 
prepares  charges  against 
head-smith,  Brads,  102- 
109  ;  describes  the  differ 
ence  between  the  English 
and  German  cannon  drill, 
108  ;  defends  his  cannonier, 
Nantz,  from  the  insults  of 
English  officers,  and  de 
scribes,  with  great  naivete, 
the  character  of  his  alleged 
offence,  110;  takes  p.irt  in 
a  grand  Review  hclJ  by 
Burgoyne,  121  ;  receives 
the  thanks  of  Gen.  Phillips 
for  the  valuable  services 
rendered  by  his  company, 
122;  receives  orders  from 
Gen.  Phillips,  123-129  ; 
the  English  artillerists  use 
his  style  of  gun-wipers  at 
the  request  of  Carleton, 
Burgoyne,  and  Phillips, 

125  ;  describes  and  criticises 
the  English  style  of  loading 
and    firing,  and    the    use   of 
a    peculiar    kind    of   wiper, 

126  ;    his    account    of    the 


INDEX. 


183 


Pausch,  Capt.  Geo.  —  con. 
Action  of  Sept.  iQtb,  132  ;. 
also,  tho  Action  ot'Ocf 
yth,  159  ;  takes  a  stand 
and  places  his  cannon  in 
position,  162;  Riedesel 
pays  a  tribute  to  him,  138  ; 
gets  nearly  "  stuck  in  a 
damned  crooked  road,"  168; 
forced  to  retreat  with  the 
loss  of  his  cannon — his  men 
"  having  either  all  gone  to 
the  Devil,  or  run  away  !  " 
170  ;  his  character  for 
bravery,  175;  reports  to 
his  Prince  favorably  on  the 
conduct  of  several  of  his 
men,  175.  . 

Pearl,  The,   a  Royal    frigate, 

58 

Pflug,  cannonier,  173 

Phillips,  Maj.  Gen.,  66,  71, 
73,  80,  86,  87,  90,  93,  98, 
104,  105,  107,  118,  120, 

121,    122,     124,    125,     128, 
130,   137,   140,  J4I,   169 

Point  au  Feu,  82 

Point  uux  Tremble,  97 

Point  du  Lac,  93 

Point  Neuf,  61 

Poor,  Gen.,  166 

Portsmouth,  36,  40,  42,   46, 

56 
Powell,  Brig.  Gen.,  150,  154 

QUEBEC,  31,  40,  44,  58, 
59,  98,   103,   118,  124, 
128,  139,  151 


r>  ADEAU,The,74,75,77, 

IX     81,82 

Rainsford,  Col.,    27,    28,  29, 

3°>  31'  35.  37>  '3° 
Recollect  Parish,  128 

Reislin,  Lieut.,  135 
Rhinefels,  fortress  of,  21,  22 
Rhine  River,  20,  24 
Richelieu  River,  see  St.  Johns 

River 
Rhetz,  Regiment  of,  03,  134, 

135,  136,  162 

Riedesel,  Maj.  Gen.,  39,  49, 
56,64,67,68,  7i>84,  **9> 
'03,  104,  115,  133,  134, 

136,  137,  142,  146,  154 
Riedesel,  Military  Journals  of 

quoted,  168,  171 
Riedesel,     Madame,     quoted, 

70,  140,174,  I?6 
Riedesel,    Regiment    of,    93, 


Rogers,         Gen.,        Horatio, 

quoted,   74,     75,    79,     85, 

9X»  I03>  *5**  *59,  l69 
Rogers,  Jos.,  162,  168 
Rogers'  House,  168 
Rosiere,  Cape,  58 
Roth,  a  driver,  173 
Royal   Artillery,  Battalion  of, 

93,  134,  135,  136,  162 
Royal  Troops,    their  disposi 

tion   at  Battle  of  Sept.   19, 


CT.  ANTOINE,  66 
°     St.  Charles  River,  59 
St.  Goar,  21,  22. 


184 


PJUSCH'S  JOURNAL. 


St.  Helen's,  Bay  of,  47 

St.    James'   Church,   London, 

80 

St.    John's,   67,    88,   89,   90, 
„  95,  '23,132,  148 
St  John's  River  (Sore!,  Chatn- 

bly,  Richelieu),  62,   78,  96, 

123 
St.  Lawrence    River,  59,  78, 

93>  I27>  J52 
St.  Lawrence  Parish,  128 
St.  Lawrence,  Gulf  of,  56 
St.  Leger,  Col.,  66,  130,  131, 


St.  Magdalene  Islands,  57 

St.  Paul  Island,  57 

St.  Peter's  Bank,  51 

St.  Pierre,   Lake,  61,  62,  65, 

.,  93>  97 

Saratoga   Monument   Associa 

tion,  168,  176 
Saratoga  Springs,  176 
Samaritans    (name  of  a   Hos 

pital  Guard),  1  18 
Sartorius,  Lieut.,  97,  104 
Schachten,  Capt.,  146 
Scheffer,"  cannonier,  173 
Schenken-Schanz,  25,  26,  28, 

3° 
Schmidt    (Smith),    Capt.    Ed- 

^  ward,  32,  38,  52^ 

Schmidt  (Smith),    Capt.  Wm. 

p.,  i69 

Schmidt,  Paymaster,  44 
Schoel,    Capt.,    89,  97,    159, 

172 

Schultz,  Councillor,    144 
Schutzen,  Lieut.,  90 


Scibold,  cannonier,  91 
Solomons,  Lieut.  Gen.,  25 
Sorel,    River,    see   St.    John's 

River 
Spangenburg,     Lieut.,    20-24, 

26,  31,  40,  68,  73,  81,  87, 

90  92.  97. 

Spech,  Col.,  159,  174. 
Specht,  Col.,  39,  41,  42,  48, 

159. 

Specht,  Regiment  of,  93. 
Spithead,  39-43 
Stade,  39 
State  of  the  Expedition  (Bur- 

goyne's)  referred  to,  162 
Stedman's    History    criticised, 

'3« 

Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  145,  162 
Stone,    Wm.  -L.,    103;     his 

map  of   Battle  of  Oct.  7th, 

163. 

Stude,  an  Envoy,  43 
Suffolk,  Eirl  of,  4,  14,  17 
Sword's  House,  133 
Sword,     Thos.      son     of    the 

owner  of  "  Sword's  House, 

J33 

'-pAYLOR,  a  Banker,  44 

Tartar,  a  Royal  frigate, 

59 
Three  Rivers,    Town  of,    62, 

64,  72,  93,  106 
Tour,  Lieut.,  90 
Trinity  Church  Yard,  N.  Y., 

Thos.  Swords  buried  in,  133 
Twenty-Ninth  Regiment,  122 
Twiss,  Lieut.  Wm.,  151 


INDEX. 


i85 


UNGER,  a  mountebank,  143 
Utrecht,    27 

VICTORIA,  Queen,  60 

Vincent,  Cape,  149 
Vogel,  Eugene,  see  Preface 
Vogt,  a  driver,  173 

W ACKERS,  Capt.,  123 
Wahl,  River,  28 
Waldeck,  Prince  of,  29 
Waldeck,     Prince,     Battalion 

and  Regiment  of,  40,  43 
Waldeck,  Town  of,  39 
Walpole,  Horace,  I 
Walter,  cannonier,  109 
Walworth,    Mrs.     Ellen    H., 

176. 

Washington,  Army  of,  158 
Weld,  quoted,  70,  74,  75 
Weil,  cannonier,  173 
West,  Cape,  57 
Westover,  Bird  R.  L.,  165 
Wilbur's  Basin,  133,  134,  154 
Wilkinson,  quoted,  174 
Wilhelmstadt,  32,  36 


William  III,  Count  and  Land 
grave  of  Hesse-Cassel,  i, 
14,  18,  .19,  25,  105,  175, 
176 

Williams,  Maj.,  67,  122,  125, 
165,  169. 

Williamson  (Williams?)  Maj., 

H5 

Wind-Mill  Point  (Lake  Cham- 

plain),  82 
Woehler  (mis-printed  Wachter 

and  Wachler),  a  bombadier, 

9r>  J72,  173 
Wutginau,  Gen.  von,  21 
Wutginau,  Regiment  of,  42 

VTAGER,      Battalion,     145, 

152,  162 

York,  Lieut.  Jno.  H.,  769 
Yorke,  Sir  Jos.,  4,  27 


Fortress 


of,  18 


Zieuhler,  cannonier,  173 
Ziglamon,a  wagon-master,  142 
Zons,  23,  24 


ERRATA. 

Page  89,  ist  line,  for  Harness,  read  Earner. 
Page  129,  ist  line,  zd  ^|,  for  Barmer,  read  Barnes. 

Page  42,  ist  line,  3d.  ^  for  Wultgenau  and  Biinan,  read  Wutginau  and  Biinau. 
Page  138,  last  line  in  note,  after  John  J.  Dalgleish  F.  S.  A.  add  "Scot,  of  West- 
grange,  and  of" 

Page  144,  1 3th  line  from  top,  for  fifty,  read  seventy. 

Page  174,  among  those  of  Pausch's  men  captured  read,  ''also   Bombadier  Wall.' 


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